How to Build a Baking Soda Volcano Science Fair Project

The baking soda and vinegar volcano is the kitchen equivalent of a volcano. Obviously, its not  the real  thing, but its cool all the same! The baking soda volcano is also non-toxic, which adds to its appeal. It is a classic science project which can help kids learn about chemical reactions and what happens when a volcano erupts. This project takes about 30 minutes to complete. Did You Know? The cool red lava is the result of a chemical reaction between the baking soda and vinegar.In this reaction, carbon dioxide gas is produced, which is also present in real volcanoes.As the carbon dioxide gas is produced, pressure builds up inside the plastic bottle, until the gas bubbles (thanks to the detergent) out of the volcano. Volcano Science Project Materials 6 cups flour2 cups salt4 tablespoons cooking oilwarm waterplastic soda bottledishwashing detergentfood coloringvinegarbaking dish or another pan2 T baking soda Make the Chemical Volcano First, make the cone of the baking soda volcano. Mix 6 cups flour, 2 cups salt, 4 tablespoons cooking oil, and 2 cups of water. The resulting mixture should be smooth and firm (more water may be added if needed).Stand the soda bottle in the baking pan and mold the dough around it into a volcano shape. Dont cover the hole or drop dough into it.Fill the bottle most of the way full with warm water and a bit of red food color (can be done before sculpting if you dont take so long that the water gets cold).Add 6 drops of detergent to the bottle contents. The detergent helps trap the bubbles produced by the reaction so you get better lava.Add 2 tablespoons baking soda to the liquid.Slowly pour vinegar into the bottle. Watch out - eruption time! Experiment with the Volcano While its fine for a young investigator to explore a simple model volcano, youll want to add the scientific method if you want to make the volcano a better science project. Here are ideas for ways to experiment with a baking soda volcano: Make a prediction about what happens if you change the amount of baking soda or vinegar. Record and analyze the effect, if any.Can you think of ways to change the volcano to make the eruption go higher or last longer? This might involve changing the chemicals or the shape of the volcano. It helps to record numerical data, such as the volume of liquid, the height of the lava, or duration of the eruption.Does it affect your volcano if you use a different kind of chemical to color the volcano? You could use tempera paint powder. Try using tonic water instead of regular water to get a volcano that glows under black light.What happens if you substitute other acids instead of vinegar or other bases instead of baking soda? Examples of acids include lemon juice or ketchup. Examples of bases include laundry detergent and household ammonia. Use caution if you substitute chemicals because some mixtures can be dangerous and produce hazardous gasses. Dont experiment with bleach or bathroom cleane rs.Adding a bit of food coloring will result in red-orange lava! Orange seems to work the best. Add some red, yellow, and even purple, for a bright display.

The Leadership Practice Inventory That I Took At The...

The Leadership Practice Inventory that I took at the beginning of my Student Orientation Counselor or S.O.C. experience was eye opening. It teaches and surveys people about five leadership skills these skills were further explained in The Student Leadership Challenge text by the authors James Kouzes and Barry Posner (2014) the different practices of leadership were: Model the Way, Inspire a Shared Vision, Challenge the Process, Enable Others to Act, and Encourage the Heart. These principles each have their own challenges and frustrations, and as a leader they have helped me realize what I can improve on. Modeling the Way was one of my top two practices that I had ranked high on during the skills inventory, and its focus is on finding your†¦show more content†¦This was a skill that focused on helping your followers know that you are proud of them and the contributions that they have either done or helped you with. This was hard for me to remember to do in the moment, but duri ng debriefing on orientation days it was nice to celebrate our accomplishments or how people worked through hard situations. These debriefings brought everyone together and created a spirit of community, which is one way the book focused in encouraging the Heart (Kouzes Posner, 2014). Another skill that was something a truly focused on during the summer was Enabling Others to Act. It was based on fostering collaboration and strengthening others (Kouzes Posner, 2014). I found this was a hard skill for me to work on because I like to do things my way. I worked through it by truly listening to others ideas, and the fact that I was a new S.O.C. I wanted to learn as much as I could from the returning members of my team. My skit group created a strong bond of trust in each other to get our work done in a timely manner. The last skill was Challenge the Process and this for me has always been a hard skill to get my self to do. This has been my main focus this summer, and I continue to wor k on it to this day. Challenge the Process focused on going outside the box of the organization or group your working with and experimenting with new ideas. It also focused on searching for opportunities such as seizing the initiative (Kouzes

The History of Public Health and the Role of the Community/Public Health Nurse free essay sample

The History of Public Health and the Role of the Community/Public Health Nurse When considering the evolution of healthcare and the role of the nurse in the United States, many people might first consider this in the context of the hospital setting. While the history of acute care is an important area to consider, it is imperative that equal attention be given to the history of public health and the role played by the nurse in this segment of the healthcare continuum. The purpose of this paper is to outline the history of the public health nurse and to specifically look at the role of nursing in home health and hospice. History of Public Health Nursing In the late 1800’s there was a large number of people living in poverty throughout the world, with New York City being no exception. Lillian Wald was a pioneer of the public health movement whose role as a public health nurse in New York City was born out of true necessity. Wald â€Å"believed that public health nurses must treat social and economic problems, not simply take care of sick people† (Fee Bu, 2010, p. 1206). In the latter part of the 19th century, there was an increasing understanding about the science behind communicable disease and the importance of educating people regarding disease prevention to reduce the spread of illness (Stanhope Lancaster, 2012). Settlement houses were one avenue used to reach the community in need and teach disease prevention strategies, along with helping this population gain access to social services often including childcare, public kitchens, public baths, and shelter for the homeless. In 1893, two trained nurses in New York City, Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster, established the Henry Street Settlement. This led into the development of the Visiting Nurse Service of New York City (Stanhope Lancaster, 2012). Wald’s work as a nurse in the public health realm continued and she â€Å"emerged as the established leader of public health nursing during its early decades† (Stanhope Lancaster, 2012, p. 27). PUBLIC HEALTH AND ROLE OF THE COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE 3 Historically, public health nurses have worked to improve the quality of life of vulnerable populations by striving to optimize health and social conditions. The population targeted by this profession is still consistent with this premise in the 21st century. Public health nurses in this day and age still work with vulnerable groups, but also with the general public. In public health nursing today, â€Å"high-risk, vulnerable populations are often the focus of care and may include the frail elderly, homeless individuals, sedentary individuals, smokers, teen mothers, and those at risk for a specific disease† (Kulbok, Thatcher, Park, Meszaros, 2012, para 3) Impact on Nursing Practice The role of the community or public health nurse in regards to hospice care is the position to be elaborated upon for this assignment. Generally, in order for a patient to qualify for healthcare coverage for hospice care, they must have a life expectancy of six months or less. Traditionally, people have considered patients with cancer to be the primary recipients of hospice care, but most any terminal disease process should qualify for this in home end of life care if the patient’s needs can be adequately met. There are also hospice care facilities where the patient is either transferred to a unit specified for this level of care, or a patient with a shorter life expectancy might be considered to be receiving hospice care on a regular unit while only palliative measures are being taken. For the purposes of this assignment, the focus is being kept on hospice in the home setting. Hospice care delivered in the community is either primary care or secondary care, depending on the specific situation. The patient’s primary physician might refer the patient to the hospice care team who may then take over the primary care role. Another scenario is that a hospice team could be consulted to assist with care, yet the primary physician would remain responsible for the routine decisions about patient care (Weckmann, 2008). The primary care PUBLIC HEALTH AND ROLE OF THE COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE 4 provider, be it hospice care physician or primary care physician, must strive diligently to communicate clearly with the patient and family about desires and expectations for end of life care. There are may be ethical dilemmas that arise in the hospice setting that could be worked through more easily if the patient’s wishes are made clear. The decision to provide hydration and or nutrition parenterally or enterally when a patient cannot eat or drink for themselves can often pose a dilemma. At what point should this life prolonging sustenance be stopped? At what point is this ordinary humane care, and when does it become an extraordinary measure that prolongs life and therefore perpetuates discomfort. The home hospice nurse can play a vital role in assuring that this issue is addressed as early and thoroughly as is feasible given the individual situation. It is important to gently encourage the patient and family to have these conversations before the patient is unable to communicate their wishes (Lamers, 2013). Summary The community health nurse in a hospice care practice setting plays a key role in helping a person fulfill their wishes and face impending death with as much dignity as possible. The evolution of hospice care has enabled terminally ill individuals to feel some sense of control over their situation, which can help afford a sense of peace for the patient and help with the grieving process (Holdsworth King, 2011). When a patient receives end of life hospice care, the team focuses on the patient’s quality of life and comfort level, not on curing or fixing the disease process. The home hospice nurse should work toward affirming the patient’s life and help them to view death as a natural life process. PUBLIC HEALTH AND ROLE OF THE COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE

Greenhouse Essays (759 words) - Climate Change, Greenhouse Gases

Greenhouse The Greenhouse Effect The greenhouse effect is an increase in the atmospheric temperature caused by increasing amounts of greenhouse gases. These gases act as a heat blanket insulating the Earth's surface absorbing and trapping heat radiation which normally escapes from the earth. They include carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, nitrous oxide, CFC's, and other halocarbons. The earth's atmosphere goes through two processes constantly. Global cooling is the first process. This process uses the clouds which cover 60% of the earth's surface to reflect 30% of the solar radiation. It also uses a sulfate haze, which is formed by sulfur dioxide from industrial sources that enter the atmosphere and react with compounds to form a high-level aerosol. These cool the atmosphere by blocking us from direct contact with the sun. The reflection of the sunlight is referred to as planetary albedo and contributes to the overall cooling. The second is the warming process. This is when light energy comes through the atmosphere and is absorbed by Earth and transformed to heat energy at the planet's surface. The infrared heat energy then radiates upward into space. There the greenhouse gases found naturally in the troposphere absorb some of the infrared radiation. The gases insulate the Earth, but do eventually allow the heat to escape. Without these greenhouse gases the earth would be would 33 C colder. Global temperature is a balance of the effects of the factors leading to global cooling, and warming. Unfortunately, increased emissions of greenhouse gases increase the warming process. For example, every kilogram of fossil fuels burned equals 3 kilograms of carbon dioxide ( the mass triples because each carbon atom in fuel bond to two oxygen atoms, in the course of burning, and forms C02. ) 6 billion tons of fossil fuel carbon are burned each year adding 18 billion tons of C02 to the atmosphere. This has increase the carbon dioxide concentrations by 25% and has cause temperatures to increase more than 0.7 C over the last hundred years. We hope that the forests will act as a sink for carbon dioxide but instead they are a net source. This is because the forests are being cut and burned adding 1 to 2 billion tons annually to the 6 billion tons of carbon already from industrial processes. Fortunately, the top 300 meters of oceans absorb most of the carbon dioxide emitted by burning fossil fuels. Other factors are known to increase the greenhouse effect. These factor are water vapor, methane, nitrous oxide, CFC's and other halocarbons. Water vapor is also a major factor in what has been called the supergreenhouse effect in the tropical Pacific ocean. Water vapor traps energy that has been radiated back to the atmosphere. The high concentration of H2O vapor contributes significantly to the heating of the ocean surface and lower atmosphere in the tropical Pacific. Methane (CH4) is a product of microbial fermentative reactions and is also emitted from coal mines, gas pipelines, and oil wells. Methane is gradually destroyed, but it is added to the atmosphere faster than it can be broken down. Nitrous oxide (N2O) can be found in biomass burning, chemical fertilizers, and fossil fuel burning. Nitrous oxide is more dangerous than some of the others because of its long residence time of 170 years. CFC's and other halocarbons are found in refrigerants, solvents, and fire retardants. Halocarbons have a greater capacity, 10 000 times, for absorbing infrared radiation, which is about 60% more, than CO2. Although there is increase in the application of some of these gases, they will decrease in importance in the future leaving carbon dioxide as the primary dilemma. In 1981, James Hansen of NASA invented a model with an ability to track known temperature changes and link them to past and future carbon dioxide levels as well as global temperature changes. The model suggested the combination of CO2 and volcanic emissions was responsible for most of the observed changes in temperature during the 1980's. A trend of warming of more than 0.7 C coincides with an increase of 25% in carbon dioxide. Two major impacts of greenhouse effect are regional climatic changes and a rise in sea levels. A climactic change will lead to variations in temperature. Scientists expect more precipitation which may prove to be disastrous for North America by flooding rivers and lakes. A rise in the sea levels is anticipated because of an increase in thermal expansion and the melting of ice caps and ice fields. Like extensive rainfalls, a rise in the ocean will flood lakes and rivers covering land and may someday

Fingerprints essays

Fingerprints essays Fingerprints are one of the most important things that link a suspect with a crime scene. Even though that fingerprints are not always left by a criminal, the crime scene should still be examined for them. All people have distinct friction ridges on the skin of the fingers. In leaving an impression, an outline of the ridges is transferred and duplicated by oil, sweat and other substances on the object handled. The impression is usually not visible. Fingerprints not visible are called latent prints; so something must be done to make them visible. The most common way to make them visible is to "dust" an object with fingerprint powder. The color of the powder should contrast with the surface, such as black powder on light-colored backgrounds and white powder on dark. An alternative to using powders, is using chemicals. The most common to use are Iodine, ninhydrin, silver nitrate, or cyanoacrylate esters. The process involves fuming, spraying, brushing, or dipping the object in a solution of the chemical. Yet another way to make fingerprints visible is to use radiation. There are two kinds of radiation to use, Ultraviolet rays, and laser radiation. A latent print requires a suitable surface for it to be picked up. Porous surfaces such as unpainted wood and some kinds of paper are unlikely to yield a useful impression. Smooth surfaces like glass, enamel, and glossy paper are ideal to lift the print if you are lucky enough to get it. ...

Control Room Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Control Room - Movie Review Example However, this movie, Control Rooms, reveal a different side to the facts, the film reveals the extent to which the staff and reporting crew of the Media network had gone to convey the truth behind the sugar-coated waged war against the innocent civilians of Iraq (Samuel-Azran 73-89). Thus, in my opinion, in spite of its sketchiness, the movie delivers the message of its theme explicitly and indirectly, that touches the very cords of the hearts of sensitive humans. 2. To what extent the documentary might change your perception on the war in Iraq? I agree to Ty Burr (2004) when he says, â€Å""Control Room" is like an open window that sucks the smog out of the room. Clear-sighted and fair-minded, sympathetic to everyone except Saddam Hussein and the topmost level of the US government, this modest yet necessary documentary digs into the tussle between bias and balance in modern journalism and sends you out debating where one side's reporting becomes the other side's distortion.† This movie has changed my perception of war in Iraq to a greater extent. Earlier I had taken this military act to be against a brutal and killing enemy who had a monster like image in my imagination. Never had I considered the people dying there to be humans. I had always regarded their execution as a winning ‘mission accomplished’. ... If US had to wage a war against Saddam Hussain, it must have had find another way. To kill millions of people in the name of execution of their tyrannical ruler is to add inflict on injury. These people were already suffering and the military invasion had destroyed whatever they had managed to save so far. Truly, I am impressed and affected by the reporting of Al-Jazeera now as â€Å"†¦the station has revealed (and continues to show the world) everything about the Iraq War that the Bush administration did not want it to see† (Varma, 2004) 3. Critically identify the strengths and weaknesses of the video. The video, Control Room, is no doubt a marvelous and daring act done by Noujaim. The movie reveals hidden truths and passion for reality that is shared by all the journalists with living conscience. She has focused the role of the Qatar based media network, Al-Jazeera, which had covered the gruesome details of the happenings in Iraq. This particular network had sent its co rrespondents in Baghdad and other areas where they had covered the live details of the bombarding and shelling on the innocent civilians for which US government had blamed it to be a pawn in the hands of propagandist lobby of Arabs. However, the video exclusively reveals the false facets of the media world and this particular aspect makes this movie strong and effective. Moreover, Noujaim has just offered details of what happens behind the camera in a news agency network. All the interviews are taken in a bias free and impartial manner and the conclusion is left to the watcher. She has not tried to force her own ideas on the people; she has just captured with her camera what she found. â€Å"In the spirit of welcoming all information, she refuses to draw conclusions--these are left to the

Women in Islam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Women in Islam - Assignment Example The hijab has become common in the Muslim world and frequently worn conceitedly by the university and college girls as a sign of Islamic identity, liberating them symbolically from western cultural domination and imperialism (Kusha, 2011). Â  In addition, the traditional Muslim culture of male occupational dominance has also changed, and currently, Muslim women hold various positions in the workplaces. The culture of men as the breadwinners does no longer exist, and women raise their children and feed the household just as men. Another important change in the Muslim culture to satisfy the needs of modern women is in marriage. Traditionally, all Muslim marriages were arranged, and women had no say, but in the modern one, women are cherished and treated well. In fact, the mistreatment and beating of women are something of the past in the Muslim marriage. Â  In summary, the Muslim culture has transformed to include the needs of women in the modern society, but there is need to address the miss-emphasis and misrepresentation in Islam. The Muslim leaders should continue to address the problem of gender relations within the Muslim communities and outside to correct the gender imbalances.