Duties of A Teacher Essay

BEFORE A STUDENT BECOMES A STUDENT TEACHER HE NEEDS TO PASS THE GENERAL EDUCATION PROGRAM OF THE COLLEGE. THE COURSES IN EDUCATION ARE DESIGNED TO GIVE INSIGHTS INTO THE SOCIOLOGICAL, PHILOSOPHICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION, THE CURRICULUM, METHODS OF TEACHING, UTILIZATION OF INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES, TECHNIQUES OF EVALUATION AND THE PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF SCHOOL PERSONNEL. INDICATED BELOW ARE THE DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE STUDENT TEACHER. 1. SET CLEAR PURPOSES — COMPETENT TEACHERS HAVE CLEAR PURPOSES IN MIND FOR EACH LEARNING EXPERIENCE. EACH DAILY LESSON PLAN, EACH UNIT OF STUDY, CONTRIBUTES TO THE ACHIEVEMENT OF WORTHWHILE PURPOSES. 2. STUDY INDIVIDUAL AND CLASS NEEDS — HE FORMULATES PURPOSES AND BASES HIS PLANNING ON THE SPECIFIC NEEDS, ABILITIES, ACHIEVEMENT AND INTERESTS OF THE PUPILS WITH WHOM HE IS WORKING. 3. STUDY THE COMMUNITY — THIS IS DONE TO GAIN UNDERSTANDING OF CHILDREN AND THEIR HOME BACKGROUND. 4. PROVIDE A BALANCED PROGRAM — UTILIZE TEACHER’S GUIDES, TEACHER’S MANUALS, COURSES OF STUDY AND OTHER CURRICULUM MATERIALS. 5. MAKE EFFECTIVE PLANS —GOOD PLANNING INVOLVES BRINGING TOGETHER CLEAR PURPOSES,  KNOWLEDGE OF THE CHILDREN AND THE COMMUNITY AND SUGGESTIONS FROM CURRICULUM GUIDES AND TEACHER’S MANUAL. 6. MAKE CONTENT MEANINGFUL — A THOROUGH KNOWLEDGE OF THE SUBJECT MATTER AND USE OF EFFECTIVE METHODS FOR DEVELOPING BOTH THE MEANING AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF WHAT IS TAUGHT. 7. PROVIDE FOR INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP WORK —INDIVIDUAL WORK IS PROVIDED TO ENSURE THAT THE SPECIFIC NEEDS OF EACH LEARNER ARE MET. GROUP WORK IS PROVIDED WHEN COMMON NEEDS AND PURPOSES OF THE ENTIRE CLASS, OR A GROUP WITHIN THE CLASS ARE TO BE MET. 8. PROVIDE A GOOD ENVIRONMENT FOR LEARNING — IT SHOULD BE A HEALTHFUL ENVIRONMENT WITH PROPER LIGHTING, VENTILATION AND TEMPERATURE. THE ROOM SHOULD BE INVITING AND CHAL- LENGING TO CHILDREN. 9. USE APPROPRIATE METHODS AND MATERIALS — EMPLOY SKILLS IN USING THE MOST EFFECTIVE METHODS AND INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES. 10. EVALUATE FROM THE BEGINNING TO THE END — APPRAISAL OF CHILDREN’S LEARNING AND VALUE OF VARIOUS METHODS AND MATERIALS SHOULD BE DONE. 11. MAINTAIN PROFESSIONAL RELATIONSHIP —RELATIONSHIPS WITH ONE’S CO-WORKERS, PUPILS, PARENTS, THE COMMUNITY AND THE PROFESSION, ARE CLEARLY OUTLINED IN THE CODE OF ETHICS FOR SCHOOL PERSONNEL. IN ORDER TO CARRY OUT THE AFOREMENTIONED DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES, THE FOLLOWING  EXPECTANCIES SHOULD BE BORNE IN MIND. STUDENT TEACHING IS THE CULMINATION OF ANY TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAM, AND STUDENT TEACHERS REPORT THAT IT IS THE MOST CRITICAL ELEMENT OF THEIR PREPARATION. IT REPRESENTS THEIR BEST OPPORTUNITY FOR APPLYING THE RESEARCH, THEORY, AND BEST PRACTICES THEY HAVE LEARNED IN UNIVERSITY CLASSROOMS; RECEIVING FREQUENT, EXPERT SUPPORT AND FEEDBACK; AND REFLECTING ON AND LEARNING FROM THEIR PRACTICE. IT IS DURING THIS TIME THAT STUDENT TEACHERS BEGIN TO DEVELOP THEIR PERSONAL TEACHING STYLES AS WELL AS THEIR UNDERSTANDING OF HOW SCHOOLS  OPERATE. WE LOOK TO YOU TO HELP THEM ALSO DEVELOP A SENSE OF PROFESSIONAL EFFICACY, A COMMITMENT TO HIGH STANDARDS FOR ALL STUDENTS, AND THE HABITS OF MIND OF A GOOD TEACHER, INCLUDING THE HABITS OF REFLECTIVE PRACTICE, CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT, AND LIFELONG LEARNING. The Role of the Cooperating Teacher THE COOPERATING TEACHER PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE AS THE STUDENT TEACHER’S MODEL AND MENTOR AND HAS GREAT INFLUENCE OVER THE STUDENT TEACHER’S LEARNING EXPERIENCE. STUDENT TEACHERS TEND TO ADOPT THE PRACTICES OF THEIR COOPERATING TEACHERS, SOMETIMES WITHOUT QUESTION,  ASSUMING THAT THEY HAVE NO CHOICE. WE ENCOURAGE YOU, HOWEVER, TO ENGAGE YOUR STUDENT TEACHERS IN ONGOING CONVERSATIONS ABOUT YOUR PRACTICE AND TO ENCOURAGE THEM TO ASK QUESTIONS, TO THINK FOR THEMSELVES, TO SHARE WHAT THEY OBSERVE ABOUT YOUR CLASSROOM AND PRACTICE WITH YOU, AND TO BE WILLING TO SUGGEST TO YOU AND TRY OUT STRATEGIES AND METHODS THEY HAVE LEARNED WITH WHICH YOU MIGHT NOT BE FAMILIAR. OVER TIME, AS STUDENT TEACHERS GET TO KNOW YOU, YOUR CLASSROOM, AND YOUR STUDENTS, WE ASK THAT YOU INCREASE THEIR CLASSROOM AND INSTRUCTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES UNTIL THEY CAN  BECOME PARTNERS WITH YOU IN TEACHING YOUR STUDENTS. YOU DO NOT NEED TO SURRENDER YOUR CLASSROOM TO YOUR STUDENT TEACHER (NOR SHOULD YOU). WE EXPECT YOU TO WORK COLLABORATIVELY AND PRODUCTIVELY TOGETHER TO OFFER ENRICHED INSTRUCTION AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR INDIVIDUAL ATTENTION TO YOUR STUDENTS. WHEN THE COLLABORATION BETWEEN COOPERATING TEACHER AND STUDENT TEACHER WORKS WELL, THE STUDENTS BENEFIT THE MOST. PLANNING FOR THE ARRIVAL OF THE STUDENT TEACHER 1. THE COOPERATING TEACHER WELCOMES THE STUDENT TEACHER THE INITIAL DAYS OF STUDENT TEACHING ARE CRUCIAL FOR THE STUDENT TEACHER. EACH  COOPERATING TEACHER SHOULD ENSURE THAT THE STUDENT TEACHER FEELS WELCOME. INTRODUCTIONS TO TEACHERS AND STAFF MEMBERS, AS WELL AS OTHER PERSONNEL EMPLOYED IN THE SCHOOL, ARE IMPORTANT. THE STUDENT TEACHER SHOULD KNOW ABOUT THE BUILDING AND GROUNDS, MATTERS OF SCHOOL ROUTINE, AND APPROPRIATE WORKING RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER MEMBERS OF THE SCHOOL STAFF. 2. THE COOPERATING TEACHER INTRODUCES THE STUDENT TEACHER INTO THE CLASSROOM A DESK OR TABLE IS ALWAYS USEFUL FOR THE STUDENT TEACHER. THE STUDENT TEACHER SHOULD BE INTRODUCED TO THE STUDENTS IN A WAY THAT ENCOURAGES THEM TO RESPOND TO THE  STUDENT TEACHER AS A CLASSROOM TEACHER. Importance of NCBTS AS A PRACTICE TEACHER, KNOWING AND UNDERSTANDING THE NCBTS IS VERY IMPORTANT. THE NCBTS DEFINES WHAT IS EFFECTIVE TEACHING AND WHO IS AN EFFECTIVE TEACHER. THIS MEANS THAT I SHOULD USE THE NCBTS AS MY GUIDE IN MY PRACTICE TEACHING. IF I USE THIS AS A GUIDE, IT WILL HELP ME IMPROVE HOW I MAKE MY LESSON PLANS AND TEACH MY PUPILS. ALSO, THE NCBTS CAN ALSO SERVE AS MY BASIS IF I AM DOING THE APPROPRIATE THINGS IN MY LESSONS AND FOR MY PUPILS. I MAKE USE OF THE NCBTS BY ANALYZING FIRST ON ITS CONTENTS THEN TRYING TO APPLY IT IN REAL TEACHING. FOR EXAMPLE, SHOWING COURTESY AND RESPECTING EVERYONE AT ALL TIMES. I DO THIS BY ACKNOWLEDGING THAT CTS HAVE MORE EXPERIENCES IN HANDLING DIVERSE PUPILS AND LOOKING TO THEM AS MORE KNOWLEDGEABLE THAT THEY DESERVE HIGH REVERENCE FOR THEIR WORK. ON THE OTHER HAND, I DO THIS TO MY PUPILS BY NOT HUMILIATING THEM IN CLASS. I RESPECT THEIR ANSWERS AND OPINIONS IN DISCUSSIONS AS NCBTS WAS A PART OF THE BENCHMARK OF PRACTICE TEACHING, I WILL ALSO USE IT AS MY BENCHMARK IN MY TEACHING FIELD. I WILL TRY MY BEST TO APPLY THE COMPETENCIES AND FOLLOW THE RULES OR TIPS STIPULATED IN IT. I WILL USE IT AS MY GUIDE IN TEACHING AND IN MANAGING THE CLASS. FOR THE PROBLEMS THAT I MAY ENCOUNTER, I WILL USE IT AS MY â€Å"KEY ANSWER† IN SOLVING MY PROBLEMS. NCBTS WILL HELP ME TO BE AN EFFECTIVE AND EFFICIENT TEACHER. THESE WILL HELP ME TO TEACH HOW TO LEARN, PROBLEM SOLVE, AND SYNTHESIZE THE OLD WITH THE NEW. THESE WILL SERVE AS MY GUIDE AND MY BASIS. I MAKE USE THE NCBTS AS MY FRAMEWORK IN MY REMAINING PRACTICE TEACHING BY TAKING IN-DEPTH THE CONTENTS OF IT THEN PERFORM THE NECESSARY INDICATORS OF EACH DOMAIN. THE IMPORTANT CONCEPTS MUST BE IN MIND ALWAYS AND ABLE TO PORTRAY IT. FOR EXAMPLE, I DEMONSTRATE PUNCTUALITY IN ALL ASPECTS IN THE FIELD SUCH COMING TO SCHOOL BEFORE THE CALL TIME AND PASSING OF REQUIREMENTS; ESTABLISH AND MAINTAIN A GOOD ATMOSPHERE INSIDE THE CLASSROOM DURING THE TEACHING-LEARNING PROCESS AS WELL AS TO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PUPILS TO PUPILS, PUPILS TO TEACHERS AND TEACHERS TO TEACHERS BY BEING A GOOD ROLE MODEL TO EVERYONE AND ACT PROFESSIONALLY; AND TEACH EFFECTIVELY AND EFFICIENTLY TO ATTAIN THE HIGHER LEARNING OF EACH PUPILS BY USING VARIED STRATEGIES AND ACTIVITIES WHICH CAN ASSESS, EVALUATE AND TEST THEIR HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS. I MAKE USE OF NCBTS AS: †¢ MY GUIDE FOR ME TO BE EFFECTIVE IN DELIVERING MY LESSONS †¢ MY BENCHMARK IN PLANNING, CREATING AND PUTTING INTO ACTIONS ACTIVITIES AND STRATEGIES THAT PROMOTES EQUALITY AMONG MY DIVERSE LEARNERS †¢ MY CHECKLIST OF THE THINGS I NEED TO DO FOR ME TO DEVELOP AND GROW AS A TEACHER †¢ MY DAILY REMINDER OF THE THINGS I SHOULD AND I SHOULDN’T DO AS A FUTURE TEACHER. IT REMINDS ME OF MY DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES AS A PRACTICE TEACHER †¢ MY IMPROVEMENT/ DEVELOPMENT METER AS I VENTURE THE WORLD OF PRACTICE TEACHING How to Improve your Oral Communication Skills 1. BE SURE OF YOURSELF. YOU SHOULD BE CONFIDENT BEFORE YOU START TALKING. 2.. BE CONCISE AND CLEAR. DO NOT ADD IRRELEVANT STUFF IN YOUR SPEECH. 3.. READ A LOT. IF YOU HAVE KNOWLEDGE YOU CAN TALK ABOUT ANYTHING AND EVERYTHING. 4.. MAKE SOME MENTAL NOTES FIRST. YOU SHOULD BE PREPARED ABOUT WHAT YOU ARE GOING TO TALK ABOUT. THERE MUST BE A RELATION BETWEEN YOUR MIND AND YOUR WORDS. IT WOULD NOT LOOK GOOD IF YOU STOP BETWEEN A CONVERSATION AND START TO THINK. 5. TRY TO ADD HUMOR. BUT IT SHOULD BE UP TO THE MARK. VULGAR JOKES CAN BE A GREAT TURN OFF. 6. RELAX. YOUR BODY LANGUAGE SHOULD BE RELAXED. YOU SHOULD NOT STIFFEN UP. DO NOT SPEAK IN HURRY, AS IT WILL MAKE THE LISTENER THINK THAT YOU ARE CONFUSED OR YOU HAVE CRAMPED THE SPEECH. 7. MAKE EYE CONTACT. IT IS SO IMPORTANT. BUT IF YOU ARE FACING A CROWD YOU SHOULD NOT LOOK AT ONE FOR MORE THAN 5 SECONDS. ACTIVE LISTENING – THIS IS A KEY ELEMENT OF ORAL COMMUNICATION. ACTIVE LISTENING IS PROACTIVE RATHER THAN PASSIVE. IT INVOLVES LISTENING TO AND UNDERSTANDING WHAT IS BEING SAID – AND WHAT IS NOT BEING SAID. IT PICKS UP ON VERBAL COMMUNICATION, THE SPOKEN WORD, AND NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION SUCH AS BODY LANGUAGE. IT LISTENS TO THE STORY BEING TOLD  AND ALSO TO THE FEELINGS AND EMOTIONS EXPRESSED; IT INVOLVES READING BETWEEN THE LINES, IDENTIFYING WHAT HASN’T BEEN SAID, AND ATTEMPTING TO UNDERSTAND WHY. DEAF PEOPLE CAN BE EXCELLENT LISTENERS EVEN THOUGH THEY MAY NOT BE ABLE TO HEAR; IN ADDITION TO LIP READING, THEY HAVE TO PAY PARTICULAR ATTENTION TO BODY LANGUAGE, GESTURES AND FACIAL EXPRESSIONS TO DETERMINE THE MEANING OF WHAT IS BEING SAID. PRESENTATIONS – TAKE OPPORTUNITIES TO PARTICIPATE IN GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL PRESENTATIONS DURING YOUR COURSES AND EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES. THE ABILITY TO PERFORM IN PRESENTATIONS IS A SKILL HIGHLY VALUED BY MANY EMPLOYERS. DISCUSSIONS – DEVELOP THE CAPABILITY OF DISCUSSING IDEAS AND OPINIONS IN MEETINGS AND OTHER WORK SETTINGS. YOU CAN LEARN TO PUT FORWARD YOUR IDEAS IN A PERSUASIVE AND STRUCTURED FORMAT BY PARTICIPATING IN DEBATES AND BY JOINING COMMITTEES SUCH AS UNIVERSITY SOCIETIES. INTERVIEWS – YOU WILL HAVE TO DESCRIBE YOUR EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS IN JOB INTERVIEWS. TO DEVELOP INTERVIEW SKILLS AND CONFIDENCE, YOU SHOULD PARTICIPATE IN MOCK INTERVIEWS AND SEEK GUIDANCE FROM YOUR UNIVERSITY CAREER SERVICE. ALWAYS SEEK FEEDBACK ON YOUR PERFORMANCE AFTER AN INTERVIEW – EVEN IF YOU ARE OFFERED THE JOB.

A Description of Analytic Psychology

Advanced Counselling Skills Level 4 Assignment 0ne 1. Briefly describe Analytic Psychology www. jungclub-london. org C. G. Jung Analytical Psychology Club London. â€Å"Who looks outside, dreams, who looks inside, awakens,† The term ‘psychoanalyst' is currently used to cover all those facts and theories presented in the works of Freud, Jung, and Adler. However it is often recommended that it should be applied only to the theory and practice of Freud and his disciples, and that the theory and practice of Jung should be designated ‘Analytical Psychology', and that the theory and practice of Adler should be designated ‘Individual Psychology'.Psychoanalysis' in this broader sense covers both a set of theories and a set of practices. Analytic psychology is the analysis of the human mind, psyche and the unconscious, as well as the conscious components of the mind. It is thought that man's behaviour and his conscious states can be explained only by unconscious sourc es of motivation. What is common in the practice of the psychoanalytic schools is the use of special techniques for bringing these unconscious factors into light. The practice of psychoanalysis has grown out of the treatment of mental illness.In one sense, the practice of psychoanalysis is prior to the theories, since the theories first were developed from experiences from therapeutic practice. These theories have, however, been extended and enriched by material derived from other sources. Jung believed that the mind could be divided into unconscious and conscious parts. He felt that the unconscious mind was made up of layers. The personal unconscious is the part of the unconscious mind in which is stored each person's unique personal experiences and memories that may not be consciously remembered.Jung believed that the contents of each person's personal unconscious are organized in terms of complexes – clusters of emotional unconscious thoughts. One may have a complex toward s their mother or towards their partner. Jung referred to the second layer of unconsciousness as the collective unconscious. This level contains memories and behavioural predisposition's that all people have inherited from common ancestors in the distant human past, providing us with essentially shared memories and tendencies.People across space and time tend to interpret and use experience in similar ways because of â€Å"archetypes† – universal, inherited human tendencies to perceive and act in certain ways. During analytic therapy, Jung may use certain archetypes to explain person’s unconscious thoughts that in turn affect their outward behaviour. He believed that there are certain archetypes that are important in people's lives. These archetypes are as follows. The persona archetype is the part of our personality that we show the world, the part that we are willing to share with others.The shadow archetype is the darker part of a person, the part that embrac es what we view as frightening, hateful and even evil about ourselves – the part of us that we hide not only from others but also from ourselves. The anima is the feminine side of a mans personality, which shows tenderness, caring, compassion and warmth to others, yet which is more irrational and based on emotions. The animus is the masculine side of a woman's personality, the more rational and logical side of the woman.Jung posited that men often try to hide their anima both from others and from themselves because it goes against their idealized image of what men should be. According to Jung, archetypes play a role in our interpersonal relationships. For example, the relationship between a man and a woman calls into play the archetypes in each individual's collective unconscious. The anima helps the man to understand his female companion, just as the animus helps the woman to understand her male partners.Jung felt that the â€Å"self† – the whole of the persona lity, including both conscious and unconscious elements – strives for unity among the opposing parts of the personality. Jung distinguishes two differing attitudes to life, two ways of reacting to circumstances, which he finds so widespread that he could describe them as typical. The extraverted attitude, characterized by an outward personality, an interest in events, in people and things, a relationship with them, and a dependence on them. This type is motivated by outside factors and greatly influenced by the environment.The extraverted type is sociable and confident in unfamiliar surroundings. He or she is generally on good terms with the world, and even when disagreeing with it can still be described as related to it, for instead of withdrawing (as the opposite type tends to do) they prefer to argue and quarrel, or try to reshape it according to their own pattern. The introverted attitude, in contrast, is one of withdrawal of the personality and is concentrated upon perso nal factors, and their main influence is ‘inner needs'. When this attitude is habitual Jung speaks of an ‘introverted type'.This type lacks confidence in relation to people and things, tends to be unsociable, and prefers reflection to activity. Jung uses the term Analytical Psychology to describe his own approach, which is not only a way of healing, but also of developing the personality through the individuation process. Since individuation is not the goal of all who seek psychological help he varies his treatment according to the age, state of development, and temperament of his patients ‘ and does not neglect either the sexual urge or the will to power. 2. What were the life stages identified by Freud: ww. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud â€Å"At that time, the eel life cycle was unknown and Freud spent four weeks at the which he frequently demonstrated with patients on stage in front of an audience† Famed originator of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud crea ted a psychosexual model of human development based upon the erogenous zones of the body. He believed that as these zones matured neurologically, they activated the emotional world of the child (largely resident in the unconscious), and in the course of doing so, created the basis for later emotional health or mental illness in adulthood.The stages are as follows: Oral Stage of Psychosexual Development (ages 0-18 months) – At this stage, the infant is focused upon getting pleasure from its mouth, especially through breastfeeding, which may be a source of satisfaction or frustration for the baby. Anal Stage of Psychosexual Development (18 months – 3 1/2 years) – At this stage, the young child is fixated upon its own process of eliminating faeces, experiencing pleasure in the anal regions of the body, and reacting emotionally to attempts by parents or other caregivers to control this physical function through toilet training.Phallic Stage of Psychosexual Developme nt (3 1/2 years – 6 years) – At this stage, the penis or vagina is the source of erotic satisfaction for the child, and he or she fantasizes about getting pelvic pleasure with the opposite sex parent and aggressively doing away with the same sex parent (the Oedipal Crisis). Latency Stage of Psychosexual Development (6 years – puberty) – At this stage, the emotional surges of the previous three stages go into hiding for a few years as the child learns how to repress, project, introject, sublimate, and in other ways channel the psychosexual energies of their earlier development.Of Psychosexual Development (puberty – adulthood) – At this stage, the psychosexual instincts of the first three stages of development reassert themselves at puberty, but instead of being directed toward fantasy or the child's own body, are directed Genital Stage outward toward a genuine love relationship focused on heterosexual genital sex. The conscious mind includes everything that we are aware of. This is the aspect of our mental processing that we can think and talk about rationally.A part of this includes our memory, which is not always part of consciousness but can be retrieved easily at any time and brought into our awareness. Freud called this ordinary memory the preconscious. In Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality, the conscious mind includes everything that is inside of our awareness. This is the aspect of our mental processing that we can think and talk about in a rational way. The conscious mind includes such things as the sensations, perceptions, memories, feeling and fantasies inside of our current awareness.Closely allied with the conscious mind is the preconscious, which includes the things that we are not thinking of at the moment but which we can easily draw into conscious awareness the unconscious mind is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of our conscious awareness. Most of the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict. According to Freud, the unconscious continues to influence our behavior and experience, even though we are unaware of these underlying influences.In Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality, the unconscious mind is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of our conscious awareness. Most of the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict. According to Freud, the unconscious continues to influence our behaviour and experience, even though we are unaware of these underlying influences. The id is the only component of personality that is present from birth.This aspect of personality is entirely unconscious and includes of the instinctive and primitive behaviours. According to Freud, the id is the source of all psychic energy, making it the primary component of personality. The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs. If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the result is a state anxiety or tension. For example, an increase in hunger or thirst should produce an immediate attempt to eat or drink.The id is very important early in life, because it ensures that an infant's needs are met. If the infant is hungry or uncomfortable, he or she will cry until the demands of the id are met. However, immediately satisfying these needs is not always realistic or even possible. If we were ruled entirely by the pleasure principle, we might find ourselves grabbing things we want out of other people's hands to satisfy our own cravings. This sort of behaviour would be both disruptive and socially unacceptable.According to Freud, the id tries to resolve the tension created by the pleasure principle through the primary process, which involves forming a mental image of the desired object as a way of satisfying the need. The ego is the component of personality that is responsible for dealing with reality. According to Freud, the ego develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world. The ego functions in the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind.The ego operates based on the reality principle, which strives to satisfy the id's desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways. The reality principle weighs the costs and benefits of an action before deciding to act upon or abandon impulses. In many cases, the id's impulses can be satisfied through a process of delayed gratification–the ego will eventually allow the behaviour, but only in the appropriate time and place. The ego also discharges tension created by unmet impulses through the secondary process, in which the ego tries to find an object in the real world that matches the mental image created by the id's primary process.The last component of personality to develop is the superego. The superego is the aspect of personality that holds all of our internalised moral standards and ideals that we acquire from both parents and society–our sense of right and wrong. The superego provides guidelines for making judgments. According to Freud, the superego begins to emerge at around age five. There are two parts of the superego: The ego ideal includes the rules and standards for good behaviours. These behaviours include those, which are approved of by parental and other authority figures.Obeying these rules leads to feelings of pride, value and accomplishment. The conscience includes information about things that are viewed as bad by parents and society. These behaviours are often forbidden and lead to bad consequences, punishments or feelings of guilt and remorse. The superego acts to perfect and civilize our behaviour. It works to suppress all unacceptable urges of the id and struggles to make the ego act upon idealistic standards rather that upon realistic principles. The superego is present in the conscious, preconscious and unconscious.With so many competing forces, it is easy to see how conflict might arise between the id, ego and superego. Freud used the term ego strength to refer to the ego's ability to function despite these duelling forces. A person with good ego strength is able to effectively manage these pressures, while those with too much or too little ego strength can become too unyielding or too disrupting. According to Freud, the key to a healthy personality is a balance between the id, the ego, and the superego. The term got its start in psychoanalytic therapy, but it has slowly worked its way into everyday language.Think of the last time you referred to someone as being â€Å"in denial† or accused someone of â€Å"rationalizing. † Both of these examples refer to a type of defense mechanism. In Sigmund Freud's topographical model of personality, the ego is the aspect of personality that deals with reality. While doing this, the ego also has to cope with the conflicting demands of the id and the superego. The id seeks to fulfill all wants, needs and impulses while the superego tries to get the ego to actin an idealistic and moral manner.What happens when the ego cannot deal with the demands of our desires, the constraints of reality and our own moral standards? According to Freud, anxiety is an unpleasant inner state that people seek to avoid. Anxiety acts as a signal to the ego that things are not going right. Frued identified three types of anxiety:Neurotic anxiety is the unconscious worry that we will lose control of the id's urges, resulting in punishment for inappropriate behavior. Reality anxiety is fear of real-world events. The cause of this anxiety is usually easily identified.For example, a person might fear receiving a dog bite when they are near a menacing dog. The most common way of reducing this anxiety is to avoid the threatening o bject. Moral anxiety involves a fear of violating our own moral principles. In order to deal with this anxiety, Freud believed that defense mechanisms helped shield the ego from the conflicts created by the id, superego and reality. 3. what factors determine a person’s behaviour according to watson: â€Å"Behaviourism †¦ holds that the subject matter of human psychology is the behaviour of the human being.Behaviourism claims that consciousness is neither a definite nor a usable concept. The behaviourist †¦ holds, further, that belief in the existence of consciousness goes back to the ancient days of superstition and magic†¦. The great mass of people even today has not yet progressed very far away from savagery – it wants to believe in magic†¦. Almost every era has its new magic, black or white, and its new magician. Moses had his magic: he smote the rock and water gushed out. Christ had his magic: he turned water into wine and raised the dead to li fe†¦. Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. According to behaviorism, behavior can be studied in asystematic and observable manner with no consideration of internal mental states. There are two major types of conditioning:Classical conditioning is a technique used in behavioral training in which a naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a response. Next, a previously neutral stimulus is paired with the naturally occurring stimulus.Eventually, the previously neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response without the presence of the naturally occurring stimulus. The two elements are then known as the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response. Operant conditioning Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishment s for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. Behaviourism holds that only observable behaviours should be studied, as cognition and mood are too subjective.According to behaviourist theory, our responses to environmental stimuli shape our behaviours. Important concepts such as classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and reinforcement have arisen from behaviourism. In operant conditioning, the learner is also rewarded with incentives, while classical conditioning involves no such enticements. Also remember that classical conditioning is passive on the part of the learner, while operant conditioning requires the learner to actively participate and perform some type of action in order to be rewarded or punished. . list 6 examples of metaneeds and metapathologies: www. oaks. nvg. org/abraham-maslow. html â€Å"Metaneeds and metapathologies. Another way that Maslow approaches the problem of self-actual ization is to talk about special, driving needs† The basic psychological needs are the instinctive needs for the self-respect and self-esteem which provide the conditions for psychological growth and full personality development. The most urgent or ‘prepotent' is the need for freedom from fear and anxiety i. . the need for safety or ‘security'. Security needs which includes the need to strive for   perfection or ‘ideals' is communicated through loving care and affection of ‘unconditional love' i. e. the need for ‘belongingness'. The sense of belongingness is the basis for approval of one's identity and expectations for oneself – faith in oneself as ‘self-respect' or ‘self-esteem' i. e. the ‘ego needs'. Gratification of ego needs establishes a natural condition of self-identity  or ‘healthy ego'.The healthy ego involves a high evaluation of the self based on faith in one's potentialities, recognition and appreciat ion of one's personal achievements, competence and confidence in the sense of importance of one's status. This basic sense of worthiness leads to the sense of purpose – ‘self-directedness' or ‘self-discipline' – which is prerequisite to ‘spiritual growth' of complete ‘personality development' of maturity i. e. ‘self-actualisation. Self-actualisation is mature growth which involves the harmonising of psychic forces i. . ‘growth motivation'. Metaneeds are human motivations for spiritual growth of the human organism as a social organism†¦ subconscious needs for awareness of human values for living: ‘social values' or ‘human values'  Metaneeds are instinctive needs of the human organism as a social organism which depends for survival on human solidarity and social cooperation. Metaneeds are the survival needs of creative   socialisation – the higher psychological needs for personality integration.The metaneeds are the so-called ‘higher spiritual needs' – the ‘Being needs' (‘B-needs') for self-transcendence – the needs for truth, morality, goodness, beauty, perfection, justice, kindness, happiness, serenity, wisdom, love simplicity, lawfulness, and ego-transcendance etc. The metaneeds are equally urgent or ‘potent' and each can be defined in terms of the others. In the process of normal psychological growth the subconscious B-needs rise to the conscious level of awareness as the human values for living – the ‘social values' i. e. ‘Being-values' or ‘B-values' i. e. ‘human values'.In the transcendental realm, the being needs become the ‘being-values'. They are just as biologically based as are the so-called ‘lower needs' – the   obviously physiological needs of hunger and thirst. The transcendant, religious, esthetic, and philosophical facets of life are as real and intrinsic to human nature as any oth er biological needs. Each of the human values represents a different facet of the development of ‘moral conciousness' or ‘conscience'. As the source of human values the functions to maintain the integration of personality while adapting to changes in the socal environment.Development of conscience depends on gratification of metaneeds in a process of ‘spiritual growth'. Psychologist Abraham Maslow (1954) stated that human motivation is based on people seeking fulfilment and change through personal growth. Maslow described self-actualized people as those who were fulfilled and doing all they were capable of. By studying people he considered to be self-actualised (including Abraham Lincoln, Albert Einstein and William James). Maslow identified 15 characteristics of a self-actualised person (illustrated as a pyramide).For example: enjoyment of new experiences, sense of humour, close friendships, creativity etc. It is not necessary to display all 15 characteristics to become self-actualised, and not only self-actualised people will display them. Maslow did not equate self-actualisation with perfection. Self-actualisation merely involves achieving ones potential. Thus someone can be silly, wasteful, vain and impolite, and still self-actualise. Less than one percent of the population achieve self-actualisation. The hierarchy of needs include: Biological and Physiological needs – air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc.Safety needs – protection from elements, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc. Belongingness and Love needs – work group, family, affection, relationships, etc. Esteem needs – self-esteem, achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, managerial responsibility, etc. Self-Actualisation needs – realising personal potential, self-fulfilment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences. 5. Describe the theories of Carl Rogers. How do you think his work is relevant t o the counselling you will undertake with your clients? www. simplypsychology. org/carl-rogers. tml â€Å"Carl Rogers believed that humans have one basic motive, that is the tendency to †¦ Central to Rogers' personality theory is the notion of self or Self-Concept† Theory of Personality Development Rogers' therapy was an extension of his theory of personality development and was known as client-centred therapy, since the basis of the therapy was designed around the client. According to Rogers each person has within them the inherent tendency to continue to grow and develop. As a result of this the individual's self-esteem and self-actualisation is continually influenced.This development can only be achieved through what Rogers refers to as â€Å"unconditional positive regard. In order for an individual to experience total self-actualisation the therapist must express complete acceptance of the patient. Roger's found that this was best achieved through the method of â₠¬Å"reflection†, in which the therapist continually restates what the â€Å"patient† has said in an attempt to show complete acceptance and to allow the patient to recognize any negative feelings that they may be feeling. Throughout the counselling session the therapist may make small interruptive remarks in order to help identify certain factors.For the most part the â€Å"patient† is allowed to direct the course of the session. Rogers began to use the expression â€Å"client† instead of â€Å"patient† due to the fact that the individuals that he was counselling did need help but not within the same regard that a medically ill person does. These individuals do not need to completely surrender themselves to a medical expert although they do need help. Today throughout the field of psychology it is a worldwide practice to address the individual as a client instead of a patient.Eventually throughout its development Rogers theory began to be known as â €Å"people-centred† due to its expansion beyond psychotherapy to such areas as education, marriage, leadership, parent-child relationships, and the development of professional standards. Within each branch that Rogers theory expanded to there were several basic elements that were applied to each. They were as follows: The individual comes for help. This is the most significant step within the steps of therapy. The individual has taken it upon himself to take the first step for help even if he does not recognize this as the reason he's there.The helping situation is defined. The client is made aware that the counsellor does not have the answers, but that with assistance he can, work out his own solutions to his problems. . The counsellor encourages free expression of feelings in regard to the problem. The counsellor provides the client with a friendly, interested, and receptive attitude, which helps to bring about free expression. The counsellor accepts, recognizes, and clarif ies negative feelings. Whatever the negative feelings are the counsellor must say and do things, which helps the client recognize the negative feelings at hand.When the individual's negative feelings have been expressed they are followed by expressions of positive impulses, which make for growth. The counsellor accepts and recognizes the positive feelings in the same manner as the negative feelings. There is insight, understanding of the self, and acceptance of the self along with possible courses of actions. This is the next important aspect because it allows for new levels. Then comes the step of positive action along with the decreasing the need for help. When I am counselling I would use the following teniques: Active listening as a listener I would show much interest.As the listener I would reflect back to the client and only speak to find out if what they said has been correctly heard and understood. I would watch my Body language and take into account my facial expressions, a ngle of my body, proximity of myself to another, placement of arms and legs. I need to monitor the tone of your voice – in the same way that I monitor my body language. I believe that Carl Rogers core conditions I would use such as Empathic understanding I feel this is important when counselling to make sure the client are simply understood – not evaluated, not judged, simply understood from their own point of view.As the facilitator I am real person, being what I say I am, entering into a relationship with the client without presenting a front or a facade, the client is much more likely to be effective. Being real and genuine. This means that feelings that the client is experiencing are available, available to their awareness that I am able to live these feelings, be them, and able to communicate if appropriate. It means coming into a direct personal encounter with the client, meeting the client on a person-to-person basis.Like Carl Rogers I believe that client â€⠀œ centred therapy is for me because it is a non-directive approach is very appealing on the face of it to many clients, because they get to keep control over the content and pace of the therapy. It is intended to serve them, after all. The therapist isn't evaluating them in any way or trying to â€Å"figure them out†. 6. How is attachment theory relevant to counselling? Briefly describe the strange situation test and its importance in attachment theory: www. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Attachment_theory â€Å"Attachment theory describes the dynamics of long-term relationships between humans. Its most important tenet is that an infant needs to develop a relationship† The relationship between a counselor and client is the feelings and attitudes that a client and therapist have towards one another, and the manner in which those feelings and attitudes are expressedThe relationship may be thought of in three parts: transference/countertransference, working alliance, and the real- o r personal-relationship.Another theory about the function of the counseling relationship is known as the secure-base hypothesis, which is related to attachment theory. This hypothesis proposes that the counselor acts as a secure-base from which clients can explore and then check in with. Secure attachment to one's counselor and secure attachment in general have been found to be related to client exploration. Insecure attachment styles have been found to be related to less session depth than securely attached clients. The professional boundary defines the extent and limitations of the relationship with your client.It preserves your client’s confidentiality and creates a ‘safe space’ for your client to reveal and explore personal issues. Boundaries are signified by the temporal and spatial routines of the counseling process: regular appointment times, consistent length of sessions and a dedicated counseling room. Attachment theory describes the dynamics of long-ter m relationships between humans. Its most important tenet is that an infant needs to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for social and emotional development to occur normally.Attachment theory is an interdisciplinary study encompassing the fields of psychological, evolutionary, and ethological theory. Immediately after WWII, homeless and orphaned children presented many difficulties, and psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby was asked by the UN to write a pamphlet on the matter. Later he went on to formulate attachment theory. Infants become attached to adults who are sensitive and responsive in social interactions with them, and who remain as consistent caregivers for some months during the period from about six months to two years of age.When an infant begins to crawl and walk they begin to use attachment figures (familiar people) as a secure base to explore from and return to. Parental responses lead to the development of patterns of attachment; these, in turn, lead to internal working models which will guide the individual's perceptions, emotions, thoughts and expectations in later relationships. Separation anxiety or grief following the loss of an attachment figure is considered to be a normal and adaptive response for an attached infant. These behaviours may have evolved because they increase the probability of survival of the child.

European Colonization of the Americas Research Paper

European Colonization of the Americas - Research Paper Example Some say that many of these diseases even occurred because of communicability from Europe to the Americas as well as climate change and environment change for those that were transported from the Americas to Europe. European lifestyle on the whole was very dynamic as compared to the era that the people were living in at the time. People were in close contact with domestic animals like cows, goats, sheep, horses and pigs for the purpose of livelihood and food. This furthered the process of catching diseases due to the lack of medicinal opportunities available to them and thus new germs were introduced to the people, killing almost 10 to 20 million people within the span on the century. Most of these people were the American natives and this led to a great amount of both political as well as cultural instability in the country at the time which gave more leverage for the English to warp in on the opportunity and establish more settlements. For them, it merely meant more land and space to capitalize on. Economically speaking, European countries benefitted a great deal by the degree of goodwill that they gained by exploiting the opportunities with respect to resources available in the Americas; they were able to import spices, cloth, as well as other kinds of treasures like silver. Most of the slaves that were transported were Black Americans and due to the migration, there was a loss of identity and language among the Americans giving yet another upper hand to the Europeans so that they would be able to manage and establish another version of Europe altogether in America. The main reason for English settlement included an inspiration from Spanish conquests during the Inca... This paper stresses that European colonization in history has been regarded as one of the strongest colonial powers; the Europeans were able to set foot in almost all the territories around the world, gaining an excellent base with regard to trade and investment all over. They were able to use their knowhow and intelligence to build on and use resources and thus they managed to exploit opportunities and make themselves stable and rich with time. However, with their colonization in America, they faced problems as well as were termed to be successful in various ways. This report makes a conlcusion that by capitalizing on American resources, setting up industries, building passage ways from the Americas to Europe and furthermore, being able to import and export labour and human resources, they were able to enrich themselves. However, at the same time, this also proved to have certain amount of demerits as American migration proved to bring about communicable diseases in Europe, slaves and labourers were looked down upon with time with regard to international human rights and thus the Europeans were looked at as a harsh and brutish community of people. At the same time, they lost out on a great amount of their own population as well as religion, which tended to make the European countries unstable in terms of polity and social life. With lesser natives in the European countries, they had no choice but to depend on the Americans. In this manner, they were both weakened as well as enriched by their colonization in the Americas.

COFFEE TRENDS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

COFFEE TRENDS - Essay Example Due to the high caffeine content and other chemical substances in coffee, critics argue that coffee is addictive and to some extent, it contributes to weight gain, thus, its consumption should be restricted. On the contrary, coffee has played an imperative role in human lives in various ways such as cultural, social, political, globalization, economical, and medicinal aspects, and thus its consumption should not be restricted. First, coffee plays a significant role in cultural and customary occasions in many societies. For example, it is presented and consumed in many communities whereby it plays various roles with regard to a particular culture. For instance it acts as ethnic or religious representative of many groups, matrimonial or funeral essential commodity, irreplaceable element for individuals and professionals at all times. In addition, coffee is a symbol of hospitability, whereby social hospitable norms of many ethnic and religious groups require them to offer at least †Å"a cup of coffee to their guests† as their standard etiquette (Topik 86). This is commonly seen in various religious societies, in which guests are often presented with a cup of coffee. For example, Muslims either in Ramadan or in their traditional weddings, keep coffee as a mandatory item for their guests. Similarly, Catholic, Jews and orthodox also keep this social beverage at important events such as funerals, marriage ceremonies, political and social meetings, and most importantly at professional work places (Croegaert 468). Secondly, coffee has been a crucial component of political and revolutionary movements’ gatherings and meetings. Throughout history, coffee houses have been social places for political and revolutionary movements across many nations. Companies such as Starbucks, Nestle, Proctor and gamble among others are popular for promoting a coffee culture where people can go relax in their coffee outlets and lounges, and consequently catch up or discuss po litical and social issues. Starbucks even went as far as providing Wi-Fi in their coffee lounges in Australia so that customers can even work while enjoying coffee and connecting. During the era of globalization and industrialization, coffee places were highly valued, and it represented a culture of class of people. Likewise, this era witnessed increasing activities of social movement groups, and as customary, coffee houses became their favourite meeting places. Hence, people planned, discussed and organised their social and political revolutions in â€Å"kefeteria† or in coffee houses against the government of that time (Croegaert 468). Therefore, restricting consumption of coffee would destroy such cultures and the values attached to it. Thirdly, coffee plays a crucial role in development of economy, which is evident from various companies that have made profit from coffee processing and sales. In the twentieth century, in USA 80% of the coffee production and supply was ass ociated to the four renowned brands namely; Nestle, Proctor and Gamble, Sarah Lee and Philip Morris. Likewise, Starbucks, MacDonald’s and Dunkin doughnuts have been responsible for the expansion of this social beverage throughout the world, especially in USA (Topik 100). With variation in the forms of coffee like espresso, cappuccino, cold-coffee; it overwhelmed cola-drink trend in the youth. Moreover, Dunkin Doughnuts and

Letter to the Editor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Letter to the Editor - Essay Example In the same line, the North Miami Mayor was involved in ballot fraud prob. When will this end? We need to come together and stamp out corruption. Politically, corruption undermines democracy. The act of good governance dies off. In the election, corruption reduces accountability in representations in policymaking. Underqualified leaders in position wrongfully lead the nation to ashes. In the judiciary, corruption compromises the rule of law. Provision of inefficient services experienced results from corruption in public administration. Corruption in the economic sector affects both the private and public businesses. Starting with the private sector, it leads to an increase in the business cost in acquiring the license to start the business. In the public sector, corruption lowers the compliance in activities such as constructing and maintenance of the environment. The quality of government services and infrastructure significantly reduces. Roads built by unqualified engineers have a short life span. Later they become unworthy limiting the users significantly. Corruption accelerates environmental destruction. Forest guards are receiving bribes allowing people to cut down trees. The environment becomes threatened. Global warming accelerated endangering the survival of the human species. Food production falls increasing prices of the available food. The cost of life increase gradually. In humanitarian aid to the poor, manipulation of assessment, targets, and registration is prone. Uneven distribution of aid leaves many to sleep hungry while others remain shelter less. Support covers only those with connections. Under the table, payments have given unqualified individuals job opportunities leaving qualified individuals jobless. Corruption has made education expensive. Some people even end up buying academic certificates. Such individuals threaten the future of the nation. STOP CORRUPTION! The first step starts with you. Obey the law.

Strategic growth plan for Simply Coffee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Strategic growth plan for Simply Coffee - Essay Example There are several components which factor into a strategic growth plan, all which provide different alternatives for continuous growth and development of a business. Within this are several special alternatives that are associated with small businesses, specifically because the growth incorporates not only changes within the external environment, but are also inclusive of ways in which the internal environment needs to change. Incorporating specific alterations can provide further development within an organization while promoting healthy growth within a company. 2.0 Strategic Growth Plan 2.1 Executive Summary The small business which will be evaluated for a strategic growth plan is â€Å"Simply Coffee.† The focus of this particular business is to provide coffee machines to other businesses that are interested in extra compensation with the on the go concept. The machine is placed into a specific business with available coffee which the individuals can pay for while they are g oing through for other needs. The coffee machines are combined with special coffee beans that are provided regularly to clients for a specific taste, including beans of espresso, latte, cappuccino or regular black coffee. The company has provided a commitment to sustainable economics, specifically with a guarantee that rainforest won’t be harmed and that the farmers that provide the coffee receive fair compensation. Each of these products are also inclusive of on – site training to connect the machine and make sure that all of the components are ready for servicing so individuals can get their own coffee while moving through a line or while on the go. Retailers are also provided with marketing materials, including graphics, floor graphics, wobblers, interior and exterior graphics and external banners (Simply Coffee, 2011). The main concept of Simply Coffee began several years ago because of the noticed trend of individuals who needed items faster. The main ideology was to create a coffee machine which could provide a variety of coffees quickly and without waiting for the specialized mixes which are often included in coffee houses. The main ideal began with noticing that coffee and tea are one of the fastest growing sectors in the coffee industry and is inclusive of 22% of sales and growth each year and a profit of 120 million per year. The industry is combined with the ideology of on the go becoming even more popular, specifically which the majority of the population is interested in because of the need to move quickly while getting the daily enjoyment of tea or coffee. The machine is designed to not only offer quick coffee but also adds into retail value without taking up retail space. It is through the noticed trends in the market and changes which are associated with this that has built the main demand of the business (Simply Coffee, 2011). 2.2 Vision and Mission The vision of the Simply Coffee will be based on growth for the coffee machines a s well as popularity that will be provided to those who are interested in the coffee. The vision will include retailers implementing the machines in the stores with continuous demand for the coffee beans. The vision will also be inclusive of consumers recognizing the coffee as high quality, specifically in relation to coffee from home or from cafes. The mission will be based on growth of the demand of the coffee machines and finding the perfect cup for consumers while they are on the go. 2.3 Critical Success Factors The main concept which will need to be used with Simply Coffee is one which is based on changing the success of the company by altering the growth of the company. For the company to succeed, a stronger plan needs to be implemented with marketing. This will need to be based on recognizing the

The Victorian World and the Underworld of Economics Essay - 1

The Victorian World and the Underworld of Economics - Essay Example Marx predicted the immiseration of the working class and eventual collapse of capitalism but this did not happen. Instead, wages kept increasing during Victorian Age and the working hours shortened thus transforming proletariat into petty bourgeoisies (p. 170). Malthus went underworld due to arithmetical absurdity of his idea of ‘general glut’ while the utopians were deemed to be talking nonsense which was not â€Å"economics† (p. 177-178). Edgeworth (1845-1926) introduced the concept of quantities and applied mathematics to economics but his work was rejected as it ignored the human factor thus it went underworld. Bastiat on the other hand, added humor to economics and was a defender of free trade but still went underworld. Henry George (1839-1897) was a very popular economist in England and the U.S especially due to his book Progress and Poverty (1879) which indicated that the true cause of poverty and industrial depression was land rent (Heilbroner, 1999, p. 187). He argued that rent brought about not only hardships for capitalists but also workingmen hence was an injustice. He believed rent was a social extortion that led to speculation in land values hence economic depression or â€Å"paroxysms† (p. 187). The only solution to the problem of depression was a single massive tax on land equal to its rent. This would eliminate all other taxes hence raise wages and capital earnings. It would also â€Å"abolish poverty, lead to remunerative employment for all, purify government and afford free scope to human power† (p 187-188). He also advocated taking away land from owners even if it meant war as, â€Å"there was never a holier cause† (p.189). Though his work was a worthy successor to Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations it went into underworld of economics due to lack of logic; industrial depression cannot be blamed on land speculation as evidence shows severe depressions do occur in countries where land values are not inflated. John Hobson was concerned

Human Resources Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Human Resources Management - Essay Example Reference is made to UNITE, a quite powerful trade union in Britain. It is proved that the power of trade unions in Britain has been reduced compared to the past; still, the decisive role of trade unions in promoting employment rights cannot be doubted. In UK, trade unions are a key element of ‘the country’s industrial relations system’ (Singh 2011, p.51). In order to understand the role of trade unions in UK it is necessary to refer to their characteristics and their relationship with their members. In Britain trade unions represent the workers through the ‘shop steward framework (Singh 2011, p.51). The term shop steward refers to the member of a trade union who has, simultaneously, two roles; ‘he occupies an official position in the union and he also works in an organization’ (Singh 2011, p.51). The definition of trade unions is included in the 1913 Trade Unions Act. According to the above Act a trade union is ‘any combination, whether temporary or permanent, the principal objects of which are†¦. the regulation of the relations between workmen and masters†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Jackson 1982, p.69). It is also noted that trade unions have the power to intervene in conflicts developed between employees, or those developed between employers, i.e. it is not necessary that the one party is a worker and the other is a master (Jackson 1982, p.69). Trade unions in Britain have three objectives: a) to keep the level of wages standardized preventing reductions in employees’ real income; in the same context, trade unions have the power to intervene when issues related to hours of work or conditions of work appear (Singh 2011, p.51); b) to promote full employment for all workers across UK and c) to support ‘the increase of power of workers in Britain’ (Singh 2011, p.51); in fact, due to the interventions of trade unions workers have been given the chance ‘to participate

Response and Opinion Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Response and Opinion Paper - Essay Example Apology, the dialogue reveals the tension that persisted between citizens in society, who discovered the tyrannical government and its regressive tendencies. Religion was employed to pacify the masses to follow particular norms and traditions that defined morality, but Socrates in his defense criticizes its exploitation and misuse of authority. For instance, he mocks the jury when he requests free meals for the rest of his life to be his sentence, but is later sentenced to death. Socrates dislike and disregard for the political system is extended in his third dialogue Crito where he decides to remain after the jury sentences him to death when found guilty. Even though, his second text Apology neglects his accusers, the system almost reigns supreme when he complies with the unjust laws of Athens and waits for his execution. I believe Socrates did not loathe interplay between religion and politics, but despised the manner rulers wielded power and influence over the masses. Finally, his last dialogue, Meno takes a sudden twist when though Socrates appeared to have lost the battle of justice, his dislike for the political system is seen when he decided to self-administer his death. He remained unconvinced by the jury’s verdict and considered his fate not in their hands. The dialogue is full of debate between Immortality and soul and subtly implies the inevitability of the continued existence of the soul. It is apparent battles characterize the history of philosophy, especially between camps debating major issues about human existence. One major debate is the source of knowledge and this argument pits rationalists against empiricists. Even though, rationalists claim the starting point of human knowledge is reasoning, I believe the beginning of human knowledge is sense experience (Carrutheras 123). It is the human senses that provide us with the original data concerning events in the world. Without the raw data obtained through sense experience, then knowledge

Media Response Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Media Response - Research Paper Example Human behavior is the integral aspect of life since it regulates social interaction with others and determines his or her belief thereby making one unique from another. In relation to the mass media effects, there is the fact that mass media creates public opinion. Mass media perform a number of function key among which is agenda setting. Under this, a trending topic in the mass media immediately becomes a topical issue on every street. Additionally, the media has the ability to influence the opinion of its audience on the topical issues in the public domain. This makes the media the most powerful tool for spreading propaganda thereby intensifying the societal animosities. In his article, Said believes the Western media misrepresent Islam and Muslims. He also postulates that the media has established regulators who determine the media content and the western media has highly opinionated regulators who negate the faith through the spread of propaganda and hate media content. This has succeeded in developing a universal negative opinion against both the Islamic faith and Islamic countries (Said 42). He finds a way of arguing his facts but then he also has to understand that a book is particularly one of the most effective media and the ideas in his book. This includes shaping attitudes towards or against the western media especially in the Islamic society. To analyze his claims more effectively, on March 25, 2013 the New York Times ran a news story titled the U.S concedes control, almost, on Afghan prisoners. In this story, the journalist reports the fact that the United States military is slowly but steadily relinquishing the control of the country to the Afghanistans. One of the key steps towards that was the return of the Afghan prisons to the Afghanistan government. The reporter tries to remain integral in his report of the story articulating his facts clearly and corroborating most of his claims. Most of the prisoners are terrorists who had attempted or take n part in evident terrorist attacks. The journalist avoids the mention of Islam and does not refer to some of the world’s most notorious terrorist prisoners as Muslims, even though they are, but points them out as terrorist who had endangered the lives of many people who are both American and Afghans (Rod and Alissa 1). The story is sensitive since Said in his book claims that the western media has succeeded in labeling Muslims as terrorists. This story is published in a western newspaper and talks about an Islamic state and the terrorist activities in the country. The journalist who seems aware of such claims avoids associating the story to Islam in any way and concentrates only on the fact that the United States government had decided to give back the control of the country to the natives of the land. The journalist points out the weak institutions in the country such as the lacking prison services not in a manner that discredits the country but because the fact is of publi c interest. Terrorism is an international threat and some of the criminals in the story had served sentences at the Guantanamo bay and therefore require the most effective and sophisticated security system to restrain them from interacting with the society once again. It, thus, is in the public interest to know the fate and future of the prisoners especially now that the

Handling Difficult Customers Essay Example for Free

Handling Difficult Customers Essay Listed are some of the easons why customers become difficult when communicating technical problems. 1. Wanting a live operator but ending up in an automated telephone loop. Excessive waiting times to be connected to an operator. 2. Representatives rushing callers or even faking a disconnection. 3. Incompetent Representatives, incapable of processing requests effectively. 4. Representative not actively listening to the complaint. 5. Departments not communicating with one another. 6. Condescending Representative using technical Jargon they dont understand. 7. Representatives who sounds bored and disinterested. 8. I will address the complaints: 1) Wanting a live operator but ending up in an automated telephone loop, 2) Incompetent Representatives, incapable of processing requests. 3) Representative not actively listening to the complaint. The support specialist should follow the customer problem resolution and recovery procedures to address the significance of each of concept and overcome challenges that may arise Consumer emotions The first thing that a customer hears is a message saying, miour call is valuable to us. Please hold the line for the next available Representative. Then. they wait, and ait and wait. Finally after what seems like hours to them, they are connected with you. They are already angry with their situation and are faulting the company, now they are really angry about the wait time to get to speak with a live person. They feel that if they were really a valued customer, the wait time would be minimal. Resist the temptation to label the customer as a problem and cut out the negative thoughts. Start the recovery process with an apology after you let them vent. Smile and speak with sincerity, and dont fall into the trap that youre angry or difficult customer is aiting you with. If you feed into the anger, you will only escalate the problem. Your words, tone, and attitude are should be empathetic. This will deflects and diffuses an angry customer. You want to make sure the customer know you are listening and taking their situation seriously. Now the customer is upset that the Representative couldnt or didnt answer their questions and wasted their time. Their expected all the rep to know the particulars about their product without having to put them on hold or transfer the call to someone else. If you do need to work with other departments, please inform the ustomer that you will personally take the matter into your own hands and will need to investigate on the issues. Reassure the customer that you are coordinating the best possible resolution, and if you need to get the assistance achieve it. A great rep always sounds friendly. Customer doesnt like someone who sounds bored and disinterested at their problem. They want to feel that you are about their issue and are interested in resolving their issue. When you answer a customers call, please smile. Keep a positive attitude and be upbeat, they will be able to hear it in our voice. Ownership When upset or angry about a situation, a two minute wait time can feel like nothing at all, or can feel like forever. A company must learn how to influence the customer feelings about the waiting time. Representative must approach these customers with the mind set of the customer has a right to be angry, even before you know the details. Let them vent their feelings, without passing Judgment, and only interject when they start to becomes directly abusive towards you. If the customer senses that they are communicating with someone who is ncapable, it will create another reason to be frustrated or angry. If you dont have the power to solve the issue or answer the question, tell the customer that you own the problem. Let them know that you will apply your personal effort to find a solution, Sounding bored or disinterest is absolutely preventable! Have your environment arranged in a way so that the telephone conversations are customer oriented, convenient, and efficient. Reduce distractions by tuning out office noise, have paper and pencil handy to take notes when necessary. Be prepared to answer the elephone by having it within easy reach, no more than an arms length away. Customer callers do not hear the first two words of the conversation so when answering the phone use buffer words. You can say something like, Thank you for calling , or Good (morning or afternoon) this is.. Dont Just say hello and then wait for customers to answer. Self-control When you respond with hostility, or lose your self-control, you are contributing to the escalation of the situation. You have a snide response, and then the customer is even more fired up and ups the abuse. Instead calmly interject with some empathy. Say l understand your frustration with the situation; I want us to move past this so we can fix the problem that you are calling abo ut. Please allow me to help you. Sometimes the technical problem is in need of more attention because it may impact other customers. You dont want to seem like you dont know what you are doing, so acknowledge the individual customer emotion first. Then resolve the technical issue that you can handle and address bigger issues as a more multi- department activity. Let your customers know that you are listening and you want to help. Write down notes during the conversation. When the customer is done venting, reiterate the priorities from the customer perspective. Address the emotional and technical aspects of the customer concerns. This will put you in focus on the appropriate issues and reassure the customer that you are concentrating on their priorities. Adaptation Our Country is made up of an increasing number of immigrants and transitional residents. These same immigrants were the founding Fathers of our Country. Maybe the caller is new to the English language and was put on hold for so long, or didnt know to press a certain number for a Representative. Companies can take these complaints and adjust the systems to address the needs and accommodate multiple languages. Some companies have taken customer service to the next level and are hiring multilingual customer service providers. Having these systems set can prevent many of the listed complaints from being uttered again. Mistaken customers customers. Their wait time was less than a minute, but they wanted a live operator to pick up the call. To deal with these types of customers, we must learn coping and problem-solving skills to deal with our own personal feelings. Reiterate your empathy nd continue to acknowledge the customer right to be angry. Takes deep breaths, smile and wait patiently for your turn to speak. Problem customers Problem customers do exist and everyone has to deal with them. They can be high maintenance, scammers, litigious, abusive, criminal or Just plain bizarre. When you have one of these on the phone, the best thing to do is ignore the language and behavior and continue to follow the same procedures as with an angry customer. When they have crossed the boundary set by standards, then it is best to let the customer know that your manager or the law department would be best to handle heir situation. In the end, if there has to be compromise from one side of the conversation; let it be from the company. Great service can make customers more comfortable with a company because they do things better for them. Everyone involved wants a fair and fast solution that can be settled simultaneously. If compromising means that you are able to retain customers, then that equals to: business survival. Reference Swartzlander, A. (2004). Chapter 3, 4, 5 in Pearson Education, Inc (Ed. ), Serving Internal and External Customers (pp. 56-75). Prentice Hall.

Advantages Of Open Tendering Construction Essay

Advantages Of Open Tendering Construction Essay Open tendering is a one-stage bidding process, where all interested and responding to contract notice will be invited to submit a tender.   The contract notice states where to obtain tender documents and the last date when tenders will be accepted.  Open tender is open to public all the interested firms can apply for the contract. Advantages of open tendering No favourism (everyone can apply for the tender) High competition in pricing ( client will take good prize) New firms can enter into the market Increased employment opportunities ( new firms comes) New experience (new technology) Helps contractors to grow Contractors get new client Disadvantages of open tendering Selected contractor might not suit the project (ex: no experience) Inexperienced firms can enter into the market Unknown firms can enter into the markets Waste of estimating time High aggregate cost for tender (ex: electricity, transport) High evaluation time (because we have to check all the documents) Unrealistic competition Arbitrations 2.0.2 Selective tendering A process of competitive tendering for award of the contract for construction whereby the owner selects the constructors who are invited to tender to the exclusion of others, as in the process of open tendering. It means the client selects the contractor from limited list invitation to tender is made by client to the contractor by a letter. In selective tendering short listing can be done by, Invitation ICTAD category Prequalification (financial) Post qualification Negotiation In selective tendering there can be two stages, One stage selective tendering Two stage selective tendering One stage selective tendering Client advertise for contractor to apply for short listing Short list the contractors who are considered suitable to do the work approved list is maintained by the client. (competition) Two stage selective tendering Single stage for competition, double stage for competition plus early start of work at site. Contractors experience/ practical knowledge is useful at the design stage First stage Inviting for tender Inform about 2 stage tender Pre select the contractor (a simple BOQ) Contractors give proposal for the design Second stage Negotiate the rates with the contractor for 2nd time Advantages of Selective tender Well known contractor Good quality Less aggregate cost for tender Less evaluation time Disadvantages of Selective tender Favourism Less price competition Cartel tendering New firms cannot enter in to the market Regular updating is necessary 2.1 Factors which used by client to formulate the select list 2.1.1 Information of the company Information of the company is very important when the clients are giving the tenders. Because they want to know how much they can trust that company. Reason is some companies are new to the industry some are very old to the Industry. When companies are new to industry, the risk is more to the client. Because when companies are new to the industry most of the companies are not continue their services. But when we talking about old companies they are continue their services. Because of that clients like to handover there tender to the old companies than the new companies. 2.1.2 Awards achievements When the companies are continuing their work some departments presenting awards for best company of the yearetc. When companies are offering awards clients like to handover their tender to these companies. Because theres no any risk to the client. 2.1.3 Successfully complete projects Client giving a contract to a contractor it is essential to know the successfully completed projects. Because some companies even not complete a single project even. So that is developing their trust on the contractor. 2.1.4 Work in progress The work they doing during they applying for the tender is more important for client to handover their tender for the contractor. That is a benchmark for the company to take a tender. 2.1.5 ICTAD grading and relevant documentary evidence In construction field ICTAD grading is more important than the other qualifications to get a contract or a tender. ICTAD grading is one that saying about the company which is good in construction work that company has evidence to prove that, their company is good in work completing projects. So ICTAD grading is more useful to client to give a tender to a company. 2.1.6 Financial information Financial side of a company is very useful for client whether give the tender or not to the company. Because some of the companies are new to the industry. So their financial side is not stronger than the other old companies. So the financial information of a company is more useful for client. 2.1.7 Experience as a main contractor Experience as a main contractor is more essential for the client to build up a relationship or to give the tender to the contractor. Because to take the tender for their company all the construction companies of the country apply for it. But some are new some are very much of experience companies. Actually client not takes any responsibility to hand over the tender to new company. Because they still new to the industry they are not take any experience as a main contractors, but old companies they are full fill with lack of experience as a main contractor. So client likes to give their tender to an experience company. So experience as a main contractor is very important bench mark to get a tender from client. 2.2 Typical clients 2.2.1 Banks Analysis of the client internal needs, new product which impact on the internal environment of the client, management of the public, opened, or closed tender for suppliers of required solution, evaluation of tender, the draft of basic documents in terms of functional specification of solution and its pricing structure, origination of the documentation. 2.2.2 Merchant Analysis of merchants (client) internal needs, target group specification with full consideration of credit card products, Suggestion of adequate partner for credit card acceptance, invitation and management of the public, opened, or closed tender for suppliers of required solution evaluation of the tender. 2.2.3 Government agency Analysis of clients internal needs in consideration of specifics of public service, analysis of impact of new solutions on internal environment of the client, invitation and management of the public tender for suppliers of required solution evaluation of tender. 2.3 Tender process There are three parties of tender process. There are Client Consultant Contractor 2.3.1Client A client is a person (individual or organization) which carry out a project or a work himself or another person or an organization. It means client is anyone having construction or building work carried out as part of their business. Without a client we cant a construction project. He is the man who authorized the project. Client has some kinds of duties to do. Check competence and resources of all appointees. Allow sufficient time and resources for all stages. Be satisfied that each designer and contractor appointed has adequate training, knowledge, experience and resources for the work to be performed. Allow sufficient time for each stage of the project, from concept onwards. Provide a copy of the safety and health plan prepared by the PSDP to every person tendering for the project. Provide information relating to the health and safety file to the CDM coordinator. Before the construction work starts client have to see whether the welfare facilities are on the site. 2.3.2 Consultant A consultant is an individual who possesses special knowledge or skills and provide that expertise to a client for a fee. It means a construction consultant someone who is hired to assess and advise on structural issues. Consultant helps all sort of businesses find an implement solution to wide variety problems. They usually have several years of experience in construction field. They are familiar with all kind of construction companies. Commonly the work as a consulting firms but sometimes they work for legal firms sometimes they work as an individual contractor. Construction consultants do many different things. Some assist companies with administration tasks; they make sure everything is running smoothly, and on time, so that the site owner and managers can concentrate on other business matters. A construction consultant may be hired to keep a project running on budget, and handle any problems that may appear. This may also mean working as an in-between for the owner of the site and the construction crew. Another duty which consultant has to do is judicial work. It means some times when continuing the work it might be failed. Then the consultant has to give the reason why the construction process is failed. Sometimes the problem must be small, such as weakness of the labours or sometimes the problem with the structure which design. Another duty of a consultant is if the building or the project fails consultant has to inform the client why it is failed, what the reasons for failed etc. 2.3.3 Contractor A contractor is a person who in the course or furtherance of a business, carries out or manages construction work. It means in construction he is the man who responsible day to day happening in the site. Actually we can name the contractor as general contractor of the site. The contractor is employed by the client. Imagine ones contractor got the tender first thing is he have to visit the site to get better understanding about the project. Secondly the contractor makes the prizing list which called as estimate. A duty which contractor has to do is manage the work. It is the most important thing in the site. It means he has to plan the day today work like what are the risks we have to achieve, when we going to complete this project, what are the needs of the labours including health safety, protecting the public while doing the projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. as a contractor if he plans the work in time we can keep the relationship between client contractor. Another responsibility which contractor needs to do is providing information trains them for the rules regulations. Its includes site introduction, risks, sit rulesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. 2.4 Contractual documentation required for tendering bid bond form of tender construction program day work schedule power of attorney prequalification document Quality and safety proceeding Copy of ICTAD,NCASL registration 2.4.1 Bid bond On most major construction projects, work is awarded through a process known as bidding. A bid bond is important to show proof of guarantee to the project owner that you can obey with the bid contract and also that you can accomplish the job as laid out in the contract. A bid bond is a guarantee that you provide to the project owner stating that you have the capability to take on and implement the project once you are selected during the bidding process. Normally, project owners do not know if a contractor is financially stable or has the necessary resources to take on a project 2.4.2 how bid bond works During bidding, various contractors estimate what the job will cost to complete. They submit this price to the owner in the form of a bid. The lowest bidder will be awarded a contract for the job. If this bidder realizes they made a mistake with their bid, or refuses to sign the contract for any reason, the bonding company will ensure the owner suffers no financial loss. This usually means that the bonding company will pay the owner the difference between the lowest and next lowest bids. Sometimes, the bonding company may sue the contractor to recover these costs. The possibility of lawsuits depends on the terms of the bond. 2.4.3 Bid bond Requirements Under the  Mille act, which is still the standard today, all bidders are required to submit bid bonds on any federal project. Many private firms have copied this trend to protect themselves from risk during the bid process. Getting bond is very important if you want your company to become competitive in construction filed. 2.4.4 Form of tender A tender form is issued to a supplier during the Invitation to Tender process. Each Tender Form helps the team to collect information about potential suppliers so that they can appoint one or more preferred suppliers to the business. As each Tender Form is released to the suppliers, the progress is tracked in the Tender Register. To save time creating each Tender Form, a Tender Template is used. 2.4.5 Construction program A work method statement, sometimes referred to as a safe work method statement or a safe work procedure, is a part of a workplace safety plan. It is predominately used in construction to describe a document that gives specific instructions on how to safely perform a work related task, or operate a piece of plant or equipment. In many countries it is law to have work method statements, or similar, in place to advice employees and contractors on how to perform work related tasks safely. The statement is generally used as part of a safety induction and then referred to as required throughout a workplace. The construction program envelop the following, purpose scope

Relationship Marketing in the UK Retail Sector

Relationship Marketing in the UK Retail Sector Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1. Overview Relationship marketing plays a significant role in the present market scenarios as it mainly illustrates the relationship among the customers and organizations. Relationship marketing is a form of marketing that evolved during 1970 and 1980s (Regis McKenna, 1991, p. 4). It mainly highlights the consumer satisfaction instead of focusing on sales transactions because these relationships will help the organizations in sustaining and supporting the technological edge of the company. According to Lisa A. Guion and Heather Kent (2005, p.1), Relationship marketing is the process of attracting, maintaining and enhancing relationships with key individuals over time. The marketer should act like an integrator where they must synthesize technological capability with the market needs and the marketer must be supposed to bring the customer into organizations. Customers mingle with the companies as participants for the adaptation and development of services and goods. So, the relationships are con sidered as the key point for the basis of customer choice and company adaption. Relationship marketing involves in using the one-on-one communication in earning the loyalty of customers (GUION, L. A., 2005). These relationships can be easily improved in the organizations if the marketing is part of everyones job description that is from receptionist to board of directors. This method integrates the customers in designing the products which in turn creates a substance in the relationship. Relationship marketing is the key point to be considered in the retail sector. Many of the countries have increased its growth due to retailing. Retailers interact with the final customer in a supply network, but they are both buyers and sellers of goods and services (Malcolm Sullivan and Dennis Adcock, 2002, p.3). Presently, there is a vast change in the retail industry and offers employment to more number of people. In these sector, retailer acts as a trader or dealer who sells the goods in small quantities. Retail sector will include various organizations related to different markets. Marketing in the retail sector can be improved only when there is a constant relationship between the customer and the organizations. Hence, it can be said that relationship marketing plays a vital role in marketing the goods in retail sectors. This marketing increase the growth of the retail sectors and further raises the market level of the country over the worldwide. In this thesis, the further sections include Literature review, Research methodology, Findings and Analysis, and Conclusions. In the Literature Review section it briefly describes about the retail marketing in UK, relationship marketing, approaches used for maintaining the relationship, types of markets and challenges that are faced by organizations. Research methodology section illustrates the approach that is selected for analyzing the relationship marketing in UK retail sector with the help of various case studies. Findings and analysis section discusses and analyzes the performance of maintaining the relationship marketing in various organizations. The last section draws the conclusions and recommendations. 1.2. Aims and Objectives Aim: To study relationship marketing in the UK Retail sector Objectives: To focus on retail and relationship marketing To identify the various approaches those are used by various sectors for maintaining the relationships between customers and organizations. Discuss the challenges that are faced in the retail sectors. To examine the experimental results of relationship marketing in different retail sectors. 1.3. Purpose of Study The main purpose of this research is to study the relationship marketing among the various retail sectors in UK. This report helps many of the organizations in analyzing the relationship marketing as it provides a clear idea on the retail sector and relationship marketing. Relationship marketing mainly focuses on the relationship among customers and organizations, rather concentrating on sales of goods. It will highlight the organization performance with respect to the relationship between industry and consumers. 1.4. Research Context The present research is done in relationship marketing as it consists of the customer service and improving the quality according to customers taste such that both the customers and organizations are profited in real drive. Relationship marketing is the secret of the successful business marketing (Jane F.Eastham, Liz Sharples and Stephen D.Ball, 2001). The research mainly focuses on the relationship of internal marketing, suppliers, requirements of the markets and there influences how they are co-related with each other (Helen Peck, Martin Christopher and Adrian Payne, 1999). Maintaining good relationship between quality and the services provided by retailers has influenced new customers which have increased the growth of sales such that most of the organizations earn more and more profits (Martin Christopher, Adrian Payne and David Ballantyne, 2002. The present research work will be beneficial for business people who will gain a better understanding regarding retail market and helpf ul for the organizations that implement relationship management in gaining profits (Bob Stone and Ron Jacobs, 2007). It may be useful for the organizations as it may directly affect people who are involved in generating new ideas. So, the relationships are considered as the key point for the basis of customer choice and company adaption. Relationship marketing involves in using the one-on-one communication in earning the loyalty of customers (GUION, L. A., 2005). These relationships can be easily improved in the organizations if the marketing is part of everyones job description that is from receptionist to board of directors. This research integrates the customers in designing the products which in turn creates a substance in the relationship. Relationship marketing is the key point to be considered in the retail sector. With the use of retailing most of the companies have improved their growth vigorously. 1.5. Research Method According to Grinnell (1993), the word research is a combination of two syllables namely, re and search. Therefore, the meaning of research work can be taken as examining a particular thing again and again for achieving a systematic and faultless investigation in some kind of field that has been undertaken. The methodology of research work will focus on identifying the hidden problems of some field, determining solution for them and positioning the resulted data for reaching the conclusions of the research work (Ranjit Kumar, 2005). Case studies are selected as a suitable research methodology for the present research and researcher has to work hard in collecting the required data from different resources along with its evidences. In this type of research method, the gathered data is huge and many technologies have to be used for analyzing and organizing the data so as to reach the goals of the research work (Bill Gillham, 2000). Research Area: Here the research area considered is UK retail marketing where it illustrates retail and relationship marketing, challenges that are faced in the retail sectors and gives experimental results of relationship marketing in different retail sectors. Selecting Cases: Selecting cases is the critical step for any organization. UK market is very large and it became difficult here to select suitable cases studies for this research. At last this research considered two UK market leading organizations for the case studies including McDonald and Debenhams. Identifications: This is the next step in research approach where the researchers need to identify the state of relationship marketing in considered organizations. Those identifications are given in the research methodology chapter of this research document. Analyzing and monitoring results: An analysis must be taken after making research on any organization. And analysis must be monitor to understand the identification in the considered organizations. This research illustrates the analysis results with different types of graphs that can be understood by any person. Recommendations: There are some recommendations given in the fifth chapter of this research documentation based on the research experience. Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1. Overview Relationship Marketing is a marketing strategy that is developed from the direct response marketing campaigns that emphasizes customer retention and satisfaction rather than the major focus on point of sales transaction. It is a form of marketing the will recognize the long term values for the firm and focuses on acquisition of new clients by targeting the majority demographics based upon the prospective client lists. The main idea behind relationship marketing theory is the identification of key drivers which influences important outcomes for the firm and a better understanding of the fundamental relations between service providers and customers (Helen Peck, Martin Christopher and Adrian Payne, 1999). In the further sections of this chapter the retail marketing sector in UK is clearly discussed along with the relationship marketing in organizations with respect to six market frameworks. Creating and implementing the relationship marketing strategies and description of Relationship m arketing along with the applications is clearly explained followed by the discussion on types of markets by comparing and contrasting the various approaches followed in the organizations. 2.2 Retail Marketing Retailer is a dealer or trader who sells goods in small quantities or more. Retailing includes activities such as selling of products or goods and providing services to customers from a fixed location, which may be a departmental store or a boutique or by a mail in small or individual loads. Apart from these functionalities, retailing may also include services such as, delivery of products and goods. Retail Marketing is a process of buying and selling products or goods in the market. According to Philip J. Kitchen and Tony Proctor (2001) Retail marketing is mainly concerned with retail organization and it focuses on the application of marketing tools within its operating context. The retail marketing task is to deflect the customer in to the retail store and help to decide an appropriate compromise with regards store design, provision of services and customer desires (Malcolm Sullivan and Dennis Adcock, 2002). Retail marketing encompasses the activities involved in facilitating mutua lly beneficial exchange relationship between business organizations supplying goods and services and customers (Philip J. Kitchen and Tony Proctor, 2001, 264). Retailing marketing is a distribution channel function where one organization buys products from supplying firms or manufactures the product themselves, and then sells these directly to consumers (Retailing, 2009, p. 1). Retail marketing has its influence on the daily life of consumers and shopkeepers. Retailing is supported to provide utility to the customer and this comes from four different perspectives. These prospective can be explained as follows: Product utility This type of utility is about the form of a product that is acceptable to the customer. That is the retailer provides final end products, but not raw materials and products which are usable to customers. Place utility Retailing outlets will be available at places where the customers feel to be comfortable for their convenience (Malcolm Sullivan and Dennis Adcock, 2002). Time utility Retail outlets or shops are available at a time suitable to the customer. Ownership utility Retailers facilitate the transfer of ownership to customer depending upon the market situations (Malcolm Sullivan and Dennis Adcock, 2002). 2.2.1 Retail Marketing in UK Since the Second World War, UK has become a service company: that is, in terms of output and in terms of employment. Many of the existing features of UK retailing are well known to the general public who has observed substantial changes in shops. Retail marketing is a highly dynamic industry in UK and it reflects the changes in rest of the society. With customer require patterns are affected by changing demographics and changes in incomes, customer credit and growth in part-time labor. Customers are comparatively affluent, sophisticated and time-pressured and therefore demanding a service (Philip J. Kitchen and Tony Proctor, 2001). In 1970s, most of advertisers are the manufacturing companies, such as Currys and comet in electrical sector, supermarkets and high street banks. Now, the situation has changed and the retailers are maintaining close relationships with their customers. The change of influence has developed in 3 different ways and they can be given as follows: Firstly, most of the retail groups in UK have grown to equivalent or gone beyond the manufacturing organization in both capacity and size. Secondly, with the severe changes in retail marketing, the stores of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"own-label merchandise have increased. Most of the stores are offering high quality and excellent value products. Third one is the development the market information. With the new technology like scanning restocking issues, the retailer can plan ranges, layouts and promotional details very precisely (Malcolm Sullivan and Dennis Adcock, 2002). There is revival of price competition in 1990s, accompanied by a string service significance. And there has also been an increase in retailer diversification (e.g., high street fashion retailers moving into catalogue selling and grocers into non-food products). In spite of the increasing globalization of retailing, this is still usually the national environment, with its institutions, culture, and dictatorial framework. The UK retail market has experienced a dramatic re-shape in the year of 2004. This re-shape has been led by the achievement of Safeway supermarket chain by Morrisons, which has created the countrys fourth biggest retailer. The UK biggest retailers are Tesco and asda and next are the Sainsburys. With the achievement of the Safeway supermarket chain, Morrisons is in the fight for the third place with Sainsburys (Graduate Prospects, 2009). Over the next five years, the UK retail Market is in a position to increase its size by 15%, taking its value to just over  £312bn (Datamonitor, 2009). But this represents a slowing down of annual growth and with increase in cost of credit and operating costs; the UK retail sector faces challenging times. The companies will suffer who cannot compete against shrinking margins. Among the UK retail market sector, electrical sector is the best performer with a growth of 24 % (Datamonitor, 2009). Hence, from the above discussion it can be understood that the retail marketing is crucial to effectively communicate a business to its customers in order to sell the products, launch new products to the marketplace, and to capitalize on revenues and profits. 2.3 Relationship Marketing Relationship marketing is a process of attracting, enhancing and maintaining the relationships between the customers and managers in an organization. It mainly concentrates on increasing the life time value of customers and the strategies of relationship marketing mainly focus on the enhancement and development of relationships with a number of key marketings. Relationship marketing will maintain the internal marketing relationships as well as external marketing relationships with suppliers, customers, referral sources, employees and recruitment markets (Adrian Payne, Martin Christopher, Helen Peck and Moira Clark, 1998). According to GRONROOS, C. (1994, p.421), relationship marketing is defined as Marketing is to establish, maintain and enhance relationships with customers and other partners, at a profit, so that the objectives of the parties involved are met. This is achieved by a mutual exchange and fulfillment of promises. These relationships are of two types in the marketing fie ld. First one is for attracting the customers and another one is to develop the relationships with customers for achieving maximum profits in the organizations (GRONROOS, C., 1994). But, According to ZEITHAML, V. A. and BITNER, M. J. (2000, p.30), Relationship Marketing (RM) is defined as Relationship Marketing is a philosophy of doing business, a strategic orientation that focuses on keeping and improving current customers, rather than acquiring new customers. Hence, from the above discussion it can be understood that relationship marketing plays a vital role to develop the organization by maintaining the relationships between consumers, suppliers and managers. RM is communicated closely with customers in order to improve a beneficial, mutually, continuous and long-term relationship. RM is a philosophy where it assumes that customers are maintaining the relationships within a single organization rather than selecting the different organizations. It is a consistent application up-to -Date Knowledge of consumers to service and product design. Six markets framework in Relationship Marketing Relationship Marketing contains six marketing models for improving the relationships between customers and company. These markets maintain the relationship between many organizations as well as within the organization. The six marketing models are considered as the central point of Relationship Marketing and the importance of these models is discussed as follows: (Helen Peck, Martin Christopher and Adrian Payne, 1999). Internal Markets Internal marketing maintains the relationships between employees in the organization. It mainly concentrates on the issues like why and how the employees are working in the organization to improve the effectiveness of an organization. In internal marketing, business to business marketing information can be examined. Thus, observing the employee behavior in the organizations is necessary to estimate their performance and the examined information is useful for managers to take decisions. Customer Markets In this marketing, it maintains the relationship with customers. It supplies products and services to two types of customers. They are consumers like end purchasers and trade customers like retailers and their relative power is to determine which sort of relationships are cultivated more continuously (Helen Peck, Martin Christopher and Adrian Payne, 1999). Referral Marketing It develops a plan for referral motivation and can be characterized based on the type of relationship. If Referral market has high credibility factor, then it can be considered as a decisive element and it is considered as customers, if the consumers enter into this markets with formal and informal referral agreements between themselves and suppliers of corresponding services and products. Thus, the relationships in this market need to be fair, open and well defined in the areas (Helen Peck, Martin Christopher and Adrian Payne, 1999). Thus, from the above discussion it can be understood that planning is necessary to take the further actions within the organizations. Referral Marketing can prepare perfect plans in the organization. Recruitment Markets This is also called as Employee Markets. Employment is becoming a part of an organization. It is a market related task so that it maintains the relationship with educational institutions, labor unions and recruitment partners. From the above discussion it can be stated that Recruitment Marketing plays an important role in developing the organization. The performance of the company can be improved by recruiting the best employees. Influence Marketing It is closely linked with the decision-making department within the organization because it influences the relationships in the organizations internally as well as externally. This market consists of different types of sub markets like stockholders, government agencies and consumer associations (Soren Hougaard and Mogens Bjerre, 2003). Thus, it also considered as an important marketing model in the organization because well defined decisions are useful for the company to get more profits. Supplier Markets In recent years, improving the relationships with the suppliers is considered as a great deal in the organizations. Every organization need to maintain contain the relationship with suppliers because marketing system approach contains downstream as well as upstream activities. This approach matched with the developments within the Supply Chain Management (SCM). Supplier Markets deals with the supplier issues in the organization (Soren Hougaard and Mogens Bjerre, 2003). Hence, it is necessary to maintain the relationship with the customers to get the mutual benefits in the organization and every marketing business needs long term relationships to improve the performance of the markets. 2.4 Creating and implementing the relationship marketing strategies According to NORMANN, R. and RAMIREZ, R. Marketing strategies provide the intellectual frame work, conceptual models and governing ideas that allow company mangers to identify the opportunities for bringing value to the customers and for delivering that value at a profit (cited in Helen Peck, Martin Christopher and Adrian Payne, 1999, pp. 407). These strategies are helpful for a company to define its business and links together. Relationship marketing implies relationship between the customer and buyer. Traditional marketing approach is based on management of the so-called marketing mix and relationship marketing rather than management of the stakeholder domains. Marketing strategies and planning approaches are influenced in the retail business environment. The relationship marketing values emerge from customers and consumer values. These customer and consumer values are an impact of various elements like people, process and proactive (personalized) services. People are the essential part of a company and consumers are motivating and training the employees to attract the customers for selling their retail business shares. Customer satisfaction is very important in this interaction process. Processes are the way for creating values for the customer. The core processes of retail business include new product development processes, customer management process, supplier management process and order fulfillment process (Helen Peck, Martin Christopher and Adrian Payne, 1999). Now-a-days, most of the retail markets are developed based on the customer supported services. Customer services include relationships between the suppliers and customers. Thes e services affected on the development of the retail firms and their customers to face market competitors. Customer services are helpful for the retail organizations and thereby increasing the share value in market. The relationship marketing strategies are defined by the implementation methods. These implementation methods are based on the sub system to improve the organization processes and relationships (Alain Ferrand and Scott McCarthy, 2008). Hence these three elements of the marketing can affect the marketing success and these elements are helpful while building up the relationship strategies. Implementation of relationship strategies is based on delivering and creating a value in retail business. This implementation involves many strategies. The first one is relationships in multiple stockholders this issue illustrates two models in the retail business and the models are relationship value management frame work and service profit chain. These models are helpful in market domains for understanding the relationships between the consumer and customer. The second one is selecting an appropriate relationship marketing strategies for different customers. Third strategy is detail planning within the six market models. Finally organizations make use of this relationship management (Martin Christopher, Adrian Payne and David Ballantyne, 2002). Achieving more profits for a retailing company is not an easy task and needs good customer relationship management. Customer relationship is the most important aspect in every market strategy. Marketing relationships are the living things in all types of businesses. If the company maintains good market relationships with their customers then automatically profits are obtained. These profits are obtained in the following ways (William M. Pride and O. C. Ferrell, 2004). By attracting new customers. By enhancing the profits of the existed customer. By increasing the customer relationship. Implementing the market relationship means exchange of relationships between the consumer and customer. Maintaining good relationship with customers is the main goal of many retail marketers. To maintain these relationships for a long time retail marketers are turned into the market research and information technology (William M. Pride and O. C. Ferrell, 2004). To create marketing strategies Customer Relationship Management (CRM) focuses on the customer information. Managing these relationships need to identify the buying behavior and consumer behavior with the customer. CRM is mainly focused on developing the company relationship capabilities. To improve these capabilities customer management leader must contain good relationship qualities with the customers (Bryan Foss and Merlin Stone, 2001). Hence from the above discussion it can be stated that implementation of marketing strategies depends upon customer interactions because profits for an organizations can be obtained by maintai ning good customer relationships. 2.5 Description of Relationship marketing and its applications In relationship marketing organizations mainly concentrates on customer satisfaction. Relationship marketing has lot of applications towards organization and customers. Organizations can maintain a long relationship with the customers through relationship marketing. Maintaining long relationship with the customers will be a benefit for both customers and organizations (Rajeev Batra and David Shepard, 1999). For any organization, though profit is the main motive they should also concentrate on customer needs. If organizations concentrate on quality and needs of customer then they can get the profits easily (Jakki J. Mohr, Sanjit Senguptha and Stanley F. Slater, 2004). Some of the applications towards the organizations for maintaining good customer relationships: Increased purchase If organization maintains a good relationship with the customer then they tend to buy more products. Organizations must ensure that the customers should remain interested and engaged in purchasing the product (Christian, 2008). Lower costs Sometimes organizations may decrease the cost of the product for attracting the new user and to maintain the existing customers. This decrease of costs will be a great benefit to both the customers and organizations. Customers can buy their products for low costs as well as the organizations can attract more customers. Life time value Good and loyal customers can generate life time value of a product or organization. If loyal customers buy the products in same organization throughout his life time then organization will get profits continuously (Shajahan, S., 2004). Sustainability Maintaining long relationships with customers is a great benefit to the organization. Customer may stick to one particular organization for a long time if organizations have good relationships with their customers. Through these long relationships with the customers an organization can give a good competition to other organizations. Organizations can sustain in the competitive market with good customer relationship. Word of mouth promotion To promote any product organizations needs lot of promotions and advertisements, for this it requires lot of money. But if organizations maintain good will in the market then the product will automatically promoted through customer referrals and mouth promotions. Employees job satisfaction Satisfaction of customers will bring satisfaction to the employees in the organization. If customer satisfied then the turnover of the organization will increase (Levitt, 2009). From the above discussion it can be understood that, all the applications towards the organization will lead to the profits of the organization. For any organization Profit is the ultimate goal. So ultimate goal of the organization can be achieved by maintain good relationships with the customers. Relationship marketing has been implementing in many organizations. For example, Meridien group of hotels used relationship marketing very effectively for satisfying the customers. Meridien hotels are established all over the world. This hotel is open to all the travelers all over the world. Meridian group of hotels recently launched a program called moments.com. By this program they are attracting the customers and they are finding the loyal customers. Before using relational marketing they used to implement the seasonal packages. But implementing relationship marketing is more advantageous than other methods. Now Merridian hotels are implementing the packages based on the customer needs but not on the seasons. They provided all the requirements for the customers within the hotel only. This made the customers to choose Merridian hotel as one of the best hotel in the world (SHAINESH, G. and Atul Parvatiyar, 2001). 2.6 Approaches for maintaining relationships among the customers and retailers Customer plays an important role in any type of business. The relationship between customer and retailer is maintained when customer is loyalty and satisfied. Further, developing the relationship retailers must and should have the total information about the customers (Margaret Bruce, Christopher Moore and Grete Birtwistle, 2004). But according to Robert H. Lowson, The relationship between customer service level and inventory of finished goods for low, medium and high vendor process time (2002, p.207), if the retail markets provide better services for the customer in supply of good in time that maintains a good relationship between them. But as some aspects the retails are unable to meet the requirements of the customer satisfaction. Some of the approaches for maintain relationship among the customers and retailers were as follows: Identify the customer Try to find out relevant customer that what the products and services they need they might be either internal or external customers and by maintain the data base of the customers (Greg Balanko-Dickson, 2006). Gaining customer attention-Try to attract the more and more customer by advertizing the product. Understanding customer needs-Try to understand the needs of the customer in detail regarding what they are, actually what is the need and what they do. Customer expectations-Try to clarity the customer exactly what the products are been delivered. Feedback of customers-Taking the feedback from the customer also helps a lot for the retailers, regarding the comments they mentioned and opine of the customer about the performance of the product and how useful to them (Kimball Fisher, R.Rayner and William Belgard, 1995). According to Gavriel Salvendy (2001, p.775), Relationship among manufacturers, suppliers, vendors, retailers and customers work together to provide a product that the customer wants at a price that the customer is willing to pay. By maintaining the quality of service in the production of goods at best price the market standards and retailers are trying t