Fahrenheit 451 & Gattaca Comparative Study

All through time Science Fiction scholars have created their work, utilizing the idea of oppressed world as a strategy to communicate their viewpoint and sentiment on the issues inside their current social orders, in which they are composing from. The author conveys a message to the crowd, teaching them about the current logical concerns and the chance of the oppressed worlds that are created accordingly. This is exhibited in the novel Fahrenheit 451, composed by Ray Bradbury and the movie Gattaca, coordinated by Andrew Niccol.Both of these arrangers represent their feelings of dread for the destiny of their general public through the auxiliary and language highlights of their writings. Beam Bradbury investigates the benefit of utilizing information and autonomous intuition instead of aimlessly following the ‘rules’, without even batting an eye or question. Andrew Niccol utilizes the truth of logical techniques, tending to the responder of the bearing society is going in and the deadly consequence of things to come if we somehow managed to meddle with the parity of nature. Like all writings, Fahrenheit 451 is a result of its time.It was distributed in the mid 1950s, during a period recouping from World War II and confronting the Cold War, which caused key logical worries of this period. During the McCarthy time, the ascent of the broad communications added to the subjects and thoughts investigated by Bradbury’s tragic fiction novel. These thoughts incorporate the peril of restriction, information versus numbness and the job of innovation which are investigated in this present reality where individuals are occupied to the point that they don't stop to think or notice excellence or to truly speak with the individuals around them.This is where the media takes care of the psyches of desensitized masses whose most significant standard is joy; an objective that perseveringly escapes them. Despite the fact that Gattaca was made numerous years a whi le later, Andrew Niccol’s cutting edge film additionally investigates the logical worries inside his current society; the twenty-first century. Niccol takes a gander at the job of science and innovation and the worries that can emerge out of being excessively reliant upon these. Gattaca furnishes us with a dystopic vision of the imminent future in the event that we are to keep on taking a stab at perfection.He challenges our idea on what it is to be an individual person and what degree we are happy to go to before our ethics and morals are overlooked. This is appeared in the film through thoughts, for example, predetermination versus through and through freedom, orderly separation and the job of nature and innovation. A key worry that Bradbury has about the future that is straightforwardly identified with setting is the threat of control. The Nazi book burnings in Germany in 1933 had been generally promoted after World War II. These book burnings turned into a significant ima ge of the restraint that followed in Nazi Germany.The significance of writing and the opportunity to peruse and compose was a focal worry of liberal-disapproved of individuals during the 1950s, and this idea was regular to Bradbury. In Fahrenheit 451, society has developed to such and extraordinary that writing is illicit to have. No longer can books be perused, in light of the fact that they may outrage somebody, but since books bring up issues that regularly lead to insurgencies and even political agitation. A significant case of control is book consuming, which with Bradbury’s utilization of imagery fortifies the thoughts of hostile to censorship.Fire is utilized emblematically to distinguish the issues of restriction and speaks to the decimation of books, individuals and society. Restriction on the planet comprises of book consuming, manipulative parlor families, and the narrow mindedness of the individuals who endeavor to be a person. Bradbury’s utilization of ima gery fortifies the thoughts of hostile to restriction. Fire is utilized image of restriction as it speaks to the pulverization of books, of individuals, and of society, anyway is utilized to conceal everything that the firemen’s purposeful publicity doesn't enforce.The first sentence of the novel presents the job of fire saying â€Å"It was a joy to consume. It was a delight to see things eaten, to see things darkened and changed†. Clearly fire is an image of annihilation, yet in this statement fire has numerous capacities; it devastates the book in one sense, however in another it changes the book and even makes something new. Chief Beatty needs to utilize fire to purge the universe of information, a thing that he accepts is abhorrent. He needs to utilize fire to eradicate individuals' recollections and issues. He accepts that fire can wreck anything and make issues disappear.When he clarifies that incineration is critical to cause individuals to overlook the dead, he says that they ought to â€Å"Forget them. Consume all, consume everything. Fire is splendid and fire is clean†. He imagines that the best way to have a calmly and glad society is to cause individuals to overlook the past and disregard or overlook whatever they don't care for. This reflects back to the general public after WWII and the intentions of the Nazis †expelling contemplations and the past will bring about harmony and joy. Bradbury additionally serves to caution us of the threat of numbness in this modern dystopia.This again is intelligent of the Nazi book burnings and individuals abandoning information and turning out to be ‘blissfully’ uninformed of the past. In Fahrenheit 451 the fire fighter's duty is to obliterate information and elevate numbness so as to guarantee correspondence. Numbness, be that as it may, advances self destruction, poor choices, and void lives. When Beatty finds Montag's concealed assortment of books, he clarifies that all fire fighters become inquisitive of books, and may have the opportunity to investigate them for a brief timeframe before discarding them.He then informs Montag concerning the condition of the world: individuals are made substance by their absence of information. The individuals who genuinely realize the world are miserable, while the individuals who are oblivious of it have a misguided feeling of bliss. From this second, Montag is given the decision of adjusting and carrying on with a counterfeit however upbeat life, or looking for information and bearing the agony that goes with it. In the novel, when Captain Beatty specifies the historical backdrop of putting out fires and the historical backdrop of books.He says, â€Å"Classics slice to fit fifteen-minute radio shows, at that point slice again to fill a two-minute book section, ending up finally as a ten-or-twelve-line word reference continue. † The utilization of a metaphor in this statement overstates to try how truly sh ort they are to him or contrasted with what they used to be, showing the obliviousness towards information and the past. Putting some distance between nature and getting dependent on innovation is a worry that Bradbury drives us to look at in Fahrenheit 451.Bradbury uses exemplification to show this thought, depicting mechanical hardware as creatures and giving them human attributes. â€Å"The Mechanical Hound dozed however didn't rest, lived yet didn't live in its tenderly murmuring, delicately vibrating, delicately enlightened pet hotel in a dim corner of the firehouse. † This statement is an unadulterated case of exemplification, where the mechanical dog, a minor machine, is depicted as having a character and practices like that of an individual. Additionally, this statement can be communicated as an incongruity to the individuals in the society.Another case of the being excessively dependent on innovation is the palor dividers and the individuals of Fahrenheit 451 invest a large portion of their energy devoured by the data they are being taken care of, putting some distance between the outside world, or nature and getting totally subject to innovation. Utilizing embodiment by and by, Bradbury characterizes the machine used to ‘clean out’ his significant other, Mildred as a â€Å"black cobra down a reverberating great searching for all the old water and the bygone era assembled there†, by and by allude to a machine as a creature. The manner in which he composes â€Å"This machine siphoned the entirety of the blood from the body and supplanted it with new blood and serum,† by implication xplains the void of the individuals' spirits in the general public. This machine is siphoning Mildred's blood and we can say that Mildred is the ‘representative’ of the general public. In this line, it expresses that the machine can simply supplant the blood with new one, implying that there's nothing valuable in Mildred's spiri t. Her life is simply loaded with nothingness, nothing to stow away and nothing to lose. Innovation has stripped society of its character and personality. Niccol too investigates the job of nature and innovation in the cutting edge oppressed world he has made in Gattaca.He powers the responder to scrutinize the threats of uncontrolled innovation. In the ‘not-to-far off future’, the universe of Gattaca is the place hereditary building has become the typical way to deal with multiplication. In general the setting of the film is very extreme and uncluttered and is commanded by individuals and emblematic areas. This sterile and cold society of elitist joint efforts like Gattaca advances rivalry, separation and segregation. This is something that is hazardous to people and connections and demonstrates a presumptuous conviction to the universe of science.The film starts with the statement â€Å"Consider Gods handwork: who can fix what he has made crooked† from Ecclesia stes 7:13, trailed by the statement â€Å"I not just imagine that we will mess with Mother Nature, I think Mother Nature needs us to† from Willard, at that point trims to extraordinary close ups of Vincent peeling, expelling fingernails, hair, skin parts and eyelashes. Niccol unpredictably puts the two statements in a steady progression to compel the responder to consider what being human really is and how far is it before we’re ‘playing god’. This is incredibly applicable to today’s society, as we keep on altering Mother Nature.The utilization of the extraordinary close-up of the parts helps the crowd to remember being ‘put under the microscope’ reflects society’s fixation on characterizing individuals by their hereditary ‘background’ and further amplifies the significance of hereditary material. The job of human connection

Things to Write a Narrative Essay About

Things to Write a Narrative Essay AboutIf you've done research on the Internet and were able to find out some of the things to write a narrative essay about, you'll probably find that most people aren't making a career out of it. They simply wrote their experiences and believe they can sell this as a career. This is something that's hard to do in an academic environment.Academic writing is meant to provide students with information that they can use in their professional lives as well as career opportunities for the future. When a student writes a dissertation, the final report can help open the door to getting hired in the future for a job that requires advanced knowledge of the subject matter. Writing a narrative essay will take years from your life so it's important to focus on it because the following tips will help you get started.First, you need to identify your audience. You'll need to know who you're writing about because they will be the one determining whether or not your e ssay is worth reading. To begin, decide who your audience is. For example, if you are writing a narrative essay about some recreational activity that you partake in such as a class trip to Disneyland, the essay can be about a group of students who were on the trip.Next, you need to determine the topics that you want to cover. By doing this, you'll be able to narrow down the topics that you want to go into so you won't have too many areas to cover. After deciding on the topics, you'll need to pick the topics that you want to be the focus of your essay.Finally, once you have the topics, the topics that you want to be the focus of your narrative essay, and the focus of your essay, you'll need to write. You need to find a comfortable place to write and you'll need to know how to create a narrative based on the topics you chose. The biggest thing to do is take some time and break down the topics into smaller parts.After you've identified the topics and decided on the focus of your essay, you'll need to decide on the type of essay you want to write. Generally, people that write narrative essays want to share a few things about their daily life. They'll want to share personal thoughts and experience.Most people in academia work on a number of different subjects, and they're looking for a way to help others that will teach them about personal growth. They're not looking to change their life in any significant way and writing a narrative essay about life will be a great way to do this. You'll also want to choose the topic that is going to be the focus of your essay as a way to make sure that you'll be able to write about the topics that are going to be covered in your essay.As you can see, there are a lot of things to write a narrative essay about. It's important to keep in mind that if you're serious about this and want to make it a career, it will take a long time to get there.

Quines son indocumentados y cules son sus derechos

Quines child indocumentados y cules child sus derechos La definiciã ³n de los indocumentados en Estados Unidos es clara. Child los extranjeros que no tienen estatus migratorio lawful y su presencia en los Estados Unidos es objeto de gran banter polã ­tico. En este artã ­culo se explica quiã ©nes child indocumentados, cules child sus nã ºmeros y procedencia, quã © sucede si child arrestados, por quã © no regularizan su situaciã ³n y, finalmente, cules child sus derechos. Quiã ©nes child los indocumentados en Estados Unidos Child las personas de otros paã ­ses que se encuentran en Estados Unidos yâ carecen de estatus legitimate desde el punto de vista de las leyes migratorias. En general, feed 3â formas en las que un extranjero se convierte en indocumentado: En groundwork lugar, por cruzar la frontera sin ser examinado por un oficial de inmigraciã ³n que autoriza la entrada como admitido o parole. El caso tã ­pico es el de cruzar la frontera entre Mã ©xico y Estados Unidos, principalmente por el desierto. Esta es una actividad cada vez ms difã ­cil, por el incremento de seguridad en la frontera. Y tambiã ©n muy peligrosa, por el tipo de personas inescrupulosas que controlan el cruce ilegal de la frontera y tambiã ©n porque cada vez se realiza ms por rutas que cruzan el desierto durante varios dã ­as, lo cual hace que decenas de personas fallezcan cada aã ±o por deshidrataciã ³n. Cruzar ilegalmente la frontera se considera como la forma ms frecuente de convertirse en indocumentado. Por la propia naturaleza de que este cruce no est registrado es difã ­cil realizar un clculo exacto. Pero se considera que aproximadamente por cada migrante arrestado cuando intentaba ingresar ilegalmente, 2 migrantes lo han conseguido.â En segundo lugar, entrar con una visa o legalmente como la tarjeta de Cruce o una ESTA por ser de un paã ­s en el Programa de Exenciã ³n de Visados y quedarse ms all del tiempo autorizado. En el aã ±o monetary 2015 un complete de 525,127 migrantes lo hicieron. Esto es lo que tambiã ©n se conoce como exceed de la visa y tiene serias consecuencias. Y, en tercer lugar, cometer unaâ violaciã ³n migratoria. Un caso tã ­pico, es trabajar sin autorizaciã ³n. Nã ºmero de indocumentados en EE.UU. y origen Se estima que aproximadamente en la actualidad roughage unos 11.3 millonesâ de indocumentados, este nã ºmero es menor al mximo histã ³rico del aã ±o 2000. El 52 por ciento del absolute de indocumentados ha nacido en Mã ©xico. Es decir, aproximadamente 6.5 millones de personas. El segundo paã ­s con ms indocumentados es El Salvador, con ms de medio millã ³n, seguido de Guatemala y Honduras. Muchos indocumentados forman parte de los que se conoce como familias mixtas, es decir, uno o varios de sus miembros carecen de estatus lawful y otros child residentes permanentes o, incluso, ciudadanos americanos. Se estima que en la actualidad aproximadamente 4 millones de niã ±os estadounidenses tienen al menos un ancestor que es indocumentado. Pero estos infantes nothing pueden hacer por sus padres, desde el punto de vista migratorio, hasta cumplir los 21 aã ±os. E incluso entonces no siempre es posible solucionar el problema. Indocumentado e ilegal Sã ­, desde el punto de vista migratorio es lo mismo un indocumentado que un ilegal. Sin ban, se considera polã ­ticamente incorrecto dentro de la comunidad latina llamar ilegal an una persona sin estatus migratorio en regla. De hecho, existe una fuerte campaã ±a meditica para conseguir que los medios de comunicaciã ³n eviten el uso de esa palabra, que se considera despectiva y que se use exclusivamente la de indocumentado. Quã © les puede suceder a los indocumentados si child detenidos por la migra Los indocumentados pueden ser enviados a prisiã ³n mientras se tramita su caso. De hecho, como media cada dã ­a feed ms de 31 mil migrantes detenidos. Adems, pueden ser deportados, expulsados inmediatamente, liberados o pueden incluso en casos muy particulares ajustar su estatus y obtener asã ­ la green card. Cabe destacar que algunos migrantes aunque teã ³ricamente child indocumentados estn protegidos frente a la deportaciã ³n, como por ejemplo los muchachos que en su dã ­a aplicaron por DACA y estn renovando el programa. En la actualidad, estas child lasâ categorã ­as de prioridades de deportaciã ³nâ establecidas por orden ejecutiva de Donald Trump. Cã ³mo un indocumentado puede regularizar su situaciã ³n No es imposible pero es difã ­cil. Y es que a diferencia de lo que ocurre en otros paã ­ses en Estados Unidos no existe la posibilidad de regularizar la situaciã ³n por radicar en el paã ­s por un nã ºmero de aã ±os. (No es verdad que si se viven 10 aã ±os se obtiene la green card. Eso es un malentendido de una medida de alivio que existe en algunos casos de procedimientos de deportaciã ³n bet un juez migratorio). Estas child 15 posibilidades de legalizaciã ³n de indocumentados. En ocasiones es necesario pedir un perdã ³n y obtener su aprobaciã ³n. Estas child las opciones para solicitar un perdã ³n migratorio, tambiã ©n conocido como waiver. Child situaciones muy particulares y delicadas por lo que es aconsejable hablar con un abogado especialista en esos temas, si es posible y si no al menos ponerse en contacto con una organizaciã ³n reputada de ayuda legitimate a migrantes o con clã ­nicas legales de universidades. Derechos de los indocumentados Uno de los conocimientos ms importantes para los migrantes indocumentados esâ saber cã ³mo hacer para saber si un indocumentado est detenido por la migra. Tambiã ©n es importante saber que se tienen derechos, como a recibir el salario mã ­nimo por el trabajo realizado, a no ser abusado en el trabajo, a recibir ciertas prestaciones sociales, como asistencia mã ©dica de urgencia o alimentos por el programa WIC para lactantes y embarazadas.â Adems, algunos estados algunas categorã ­as deâ inmigrantes indocumentados child considerados como PRUCOL. En estos casos podrã ­an tener acceso a beneficios sociales de los que con carcter general estn excluidos los migrantes sin papeles. Asimismo, no olvidar que todos los niã ±os tienen derecho a la educaciã ³n obligatoria, sean ellos indocumentados o sã ³lo sus paps. Estos child los puntos bsicos que se recomienda conocer sobre el sistema educativo en Estados Unidos. Todos los niã ±os tienen derecho a la mejor educaciã ³n disponible. Es de Justicia y se juegan, en muchos casos, su futuro. Por à ºltimo no olvidar que Estados Unidos es un paã ­s muy grande y que los estados tienen distintas posiciones respecto a los indocumentados. Mientras que algunos permiten derechos como la licencia de manejar otros han aprobado leyes que hacen muy difã ­cil vivir el dã ­a a dã ­a. Es por eso que conviene pensar bien dã ³nde vivir, si es que feed esa opciã ³n. Tambiã ©n recordar que algunas ciudades mantienen polã ­ticas ace inmigrantes. Por ejemplo, convirtiã ©ndose en ciudades-santuario que no comparten informaciã ³n con Inmigraciã ³n o emitiendo I.D. para poder abrir cuentas de banco, canjear checks, and so forth. Adems, los consulados de varios paã ­ses emiten matrã ­culas consulares que pueden utilizarse como I.D. para gestiones como probar identidad para solicitar permiso de manejar en los estados que lo permiten, and so forth. Este es un artã ­culo informativo. No es asesorã ­a legitimate.

Homosexualiy and the Catholic Church Essay - 1568 Words

Homosexualiy and the Catholic Church For us in Scotland homosexuality is one of the most prominent issues in Church and society today. Gay-rights advocates and activists are pushing a strong political agenda from the left#8212;job benefits for domestic partners, civil recognition for gay marriages, the right to bear ones own children via reproductive technologies, equal access to adoption, anti-discrimination statutes. At the same time, the government has changed legislation regarding the teaching about homosexuality in Schools. Sir Elton John made a public attack on Scotlands Cardinal Thomas Winning, accusing him of ignorance regarding homosexuality. Writing in the June issue of the Spectator, the flamboyant performer said†¦show more content†¦In brief, evidence indicates that being homosexual#8212;that is, experiencing an exclusive or predominant sexual attraction toward persons of the same sex#8212;is most often an experience that is discovered, not freely chosen . With the onset of puberty, and its associated hormonal changes, every adolescent boy and girl begins to discover sexual attractions, desires, fantasies and feelings. For the majority of people, this attraction is primarily focused toward members of the opposite sex. Thus, their orientation is termed heterosexual. But for a relatively small but significant percentage of the population, homosexual persons, this attraction or orientation is primarily toward their own gender. Bisexual persons seem to be somewhat equally drawn to members of both sexes. While having a homosexual (or even a bisexual) orientation is not typical, it is not in itself morally wrong or sinful. Since in most cases it is discerned or discovered, not freely chosen, it is not automatically blameworthy . Thus the Church has taken a fairly benign or accepting stance toward homosexual persons#8212;who discover their desires and inclinations (i.e., orientation) toward same-sex sexual activity. Yet the Church has consistently taught that to act on these inclinations, particularly to engage in homosexual

How to Build a Baking Soda Volcano Science Fair Project

The baking soda and vinegar volcano is the kitchen equivalent of a volcano. Obviously, its not  the real  thing, but its cool all the same! The baking soda volcano is also non-toxic, which adds to its appeal. It is a classic science project which can help kids learn about chemical reactions and what happens when a volcano erupts. This project takes about 30 minutes to complete. Did You Know? The cool red lava is the result of a chemical reaction between the baking soda and vinegar.In this reaction, carbon dioxide gas is produced, which is also present in real volcanoes.As the carbon dioxide gas is produced, pressure builds up inside the plastic bottle, until the gas bubbles (thanks to the detergent) out of the volcano. Volcano Science Project Materials 6 cups flour2 cups salt4 tablespoons cooking oilwarm waterplastic soda bottledishwashing detergentfood coloringvinegarbaking dish or another pan2 T baking soda Make the Chemical Volcano First, make the cone of the baking soda volcano. Mix 6 cups flour, 2 cups salt, 4 tablespoons cooking oil, and 2 cups of water. The resulting mixture should be smooth and firm (more water may be added if needed).Stand the soda bottle in the baking pan and mold the dough around it into a volcano shape. Dont cover the hole or drop dough into it.Fill the bottle most of the way full with warm water and a bit of red food color (can be done before sculpting if you dont take so long that the water gets cold).Add 6 drops of detergent to the bottle contents. The detergent helps trap the bubbles produced by the reaction so you get better lava.Add 2 tablespoons baking soda to the liquid.Slowly pour vinegar into the bottle. Watch out - eruption time! Experiment with the Volcano While its fine for a young investigator to explore a simple model volcano, youll want to add the scientific method if you want to make the volcano a better science project. Here are ideas for ways to experiment with a baking soda volcano: Make a prediction about what happens if you change the amount of baking soda or vinegar. Record and analyze the effect, if any.Can you think of ways to change the volcano to make the eruption go higher or last longer? This might involve changing the chemicals or the shape of the volcano. It helps to record numerical data, such as the volume of liquid, the height of the lava, or duration of the eruption.Does it affect your volcano if you use a different kind of chemical to color the volcano? You could use tempera paint powder. Try using tonic water instead of regular water to get a volcano that glows under black light.What happens if you substitute other acids instead of vinegar or other bases instead of baking soda? Examples of acids include lemon juice or ketchup. Examples of bases include laundry detergent and household ammonia. Use caution if you substitute chemicals because some mixtures can be dangerous and produce hazardous gasses. Dont experiment with bleach or bathroom cleane rs.Adding a bit of food coloring will result in red-orange lava! Orange seems to work the best. Add some red, yellow, and even purple, for a bright display.

The Leadership Practice Inventory That I Took At The...

The Leadership Practice Inventory that I took at the beginning of my Student Orientation Counselor or S.O.C. experience was eye opening. It teaches and surveys people about five leadership skills these skills were further explained in The Student Leadership Challenge text by the authors James Kouzes and Barry Posner (2014) the different practices of leadership were: Model the Way, Inspire a Shared Vision, Challenge the Process, Enable Others to Act, and Encourage the Heart. These principles each have their own challenges and frustrations, and as a leader they have helped me realize what I can improve on. Modeling the Way was one of my top two practices that I had ranked high on during the skills inventory, and its focus is on finding your†¦show more content†¦This was a skill that focused on helping your followers know that you are proud of them and the contributions that they have either done or helped you with. This was hard for me to remember to do in the moment, but duri ng debriefing on orientation days it was nice to celebrate our accomplishments or how people worked through hard situations. These debriefings brought everyone together and created a spirit of community, which is one way the book focused in encouraging the Heart (Kouzes Posner, 2014). Another skill that was something a truly focused on during the summer was Enabling Others to Act. It was based on fostering collaboration and strengthening others (Kouzes Posner, 2014). I found this was a hard skill for me to work on because I like to do things my way. I worked through it by truly listening to others ideas, and the fact that I was a new S.O.C. I wanted to learn as much as I could from the returning members of my team. My skit group created a strong bond of trust in each other to get our work done in a timely manner. The last skill was Challenge the Process and this for me has always been a hard skill to get my self to do. This has been my main focus this summer, and I continue to wor k on it to this day. Challenge the Process focused on going outside the box of the organization or group your working with and experimenting with new ideas. It also focused on searching for opportunities such as seizing the initiative (Kouzes

The History of Public Health and the Role of the Community/Public Health Nurse free essay sample

The History of Public Health and the Role of the Community/Public Health Nurse When considering the evolution of healthcare and the role of the nurse in the United States, many people might first consider this in the context of the hospital setting. While the history of acute care is an important area to consider, it is imperative that equal attention be given to the history of public health and the role played by the nurse in this segment of the healthcare continuum. The purpose of this paper is to outline the history of the public health nurse and to specifically look at the role of nursing in home health and hospice. History of Public Health Nursing In the late 1800’s there was a large number of people living in poverty throughout the world, with New York City being no exception. Lillian Wald was a pioneer of the public health movement whose role as a public health nurse in New York City was born out of true necessity. Wald â€Å"believed that public health nurses must treat social and economic problems, not simply take care of sick people† (Fee Bu, 2010, p. 1206). In the latter part of the 19th century, there was an increasing understanding about the science behind communicable disease and the importance of educating people regarding disease prevention to reduce the spread of illness (Stanhope Lancaster, 2012). Settlement houses were one avenue used to reach the community in need and teach disease prevention strategies, along with helping this population gain access to social services often including childcare, public kitchens, public baths, and shelter for the homeless. In 1893, two trained nurses in New York City, Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster, established the Henry Street Settlement. This led into the development of the Visiting Nurse Service of New York City (Stanhope Lancaster, 2012). Wald’s work as a nurse in the public health realm continued and she â€Å"emerged as the established leader of public health nursing during its early decades† (Stanhope Lancaster, 2012, p. 27). PUBLIC HEALTH AND ROLE OF THE COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE 3 Historically, public health nurses have worked to improve the quality of life of vulnerable populations by striving to optimize health and social conditions. The population targeted by this profession is still consistent with this premise in the 21st century. Public health nurses in this day and age still work with vulnerable groups, but also with the general public. In public health nursing today, â€Å"high-risk, vulnerable populations are often the focus of care and may include the frail elderly, homeless individuals, sedentary individuals, smokers, teen mothers, and those at risk for a specific disease† (Kulbok, Thatcher, Park, Meszaros, 2012, para 3) Impact on Nursing Practice The role of the community or public health nurse in regards to hospice care is the position to be elaborated upon for this assignment. Generally, in order for a patient to qualify for healthcare coverage for hospice care, they must have a life expectancy of six months or less. Traditionally, people have considered patients with cancer to be the primary recipients of hospice care, but most any terminal disease process should qualify for this in home end of life care if the patient’s needs can be adequately met. There are also hospice care facilities where the patient is either transferred to a unit specified for this level of care, or a patient with a shorter life expectancy might be considered to be receiving hospice care on a regular unit while only palliative measures are being taken. For the purposes of this assignment, the focus is being kept on hospice in the home setting. Hospice care delivered in the community is either primary care or secondary care, depending on the specific situation. The patient’s primary physician might refer the patient to the hospice care team who may then take over the primary care role. Another scenario is that a hospice team could be consulted to assist with care, yet the primary physician would remain responsible for the routine decisions about patient care (Weckmann, 2008). The primary care PUBLIC HEALTH AND ROLE OF THE COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE 4 provider, be it hospice care physician or primary care physician, must strive diligently to communicate clearly with the patient and family about desires and expectations for end of life care. There are may be ethical dilemmas that arise in the hospice setting that could be worked through more easily if the patient’s wishes are made clear. The decision to provide hydration and or nutrition parenterally or enterally when a patient cannot eat or drink for themselves can often pose a dilemma. At what point should this life prolonging sustenance be stopped? At what point is this ordinary humane care, and when does it become an extraordinary measure that prolongs life and therefore perpetuates discomfort. The home hospice nurse can play a vital role in assuring that this issue is addressed as early and thoroughly as is feasible given the individual situation. It is important to gently encourage the patient and family to have these conversations before the patient is unable to communicate their wishes (Lamers, 2013). Summary The community health nurse in a hospice care practice setting plays a key role in helping a person fulfill their wishes and face impending death with as much dignity as possible. The evolution of hospice care has enabled terminally ill individuals to feel some sense of control over their situation, which can help afford a sense of peace for the patient and help with the grieving process (Holdsworth King, 2011). When a patient receives end of life hospice care, the team focuses on the patient’s quality of life and comfort level, not on curing or fixing the disease process. The home hospice nurse should work toward affirming the patient’s life and help them to view death as a natural life process. PUBLIC HEALTH AND ROLE OF THE COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE